Strand 2: Spatial Concentration and Diversity

Question 1

Define ‘Race’

Answer 1

Concept from the C15th - referring to the variety of human species based on distinct anatomical traits

Question 2

Define ‘Ethnicity’

Answer 2

Selected cultural and sometimes physical characteristics used to classify people into categories considered to be different from others

Question 3

What is used to assign data reported or measured for a particular situation into categories according to shared ethnic characteristics?

Answer 3

Ethnic Group Classification e.g Self-identification on the Census

Question 4

What are the 8 ways of measuring ethnicity in the past?

Answer 4

1. Country of birth
2. Nationality
3. Language spoken at home
4. Religion
5. Parents country of birth
6. Racial Group
7. National origin
8. Skin Color

Question 5

What percentage of the total minority ethnic population live in London?

Answer 5

• 45%

- 29% of London Residents

Question 6

Why is there a need for standardization for ethnic group populations?

Answer 6

Percentages on partially standardize, but issue is that ethnic groups are all different sizes and we need to standardize for this variation

Question 7

Define Location Quotient

Answer 7

A valuable wat of quantifying how concentrated a particular industry, cluster, occupation or demographics group in a region is as compared to the nation

Question 8

What can a Location Quotient reveal?

Answer 8

Reveals what makes a particular region ‘unique’ in comparison to the national average

Question 9

Give an example of the Location Quotient

Answer 9

(Asian pop in Headingly/ Total Pop in Headlingly)/ ( Asian pop in Leeds/ Total pop in Leeds)

Question 10

Location Quotients are a measure of what?

Answer 10

Spatial Concentration

Question 11

What does a Location Quotient = 1 mean?

Answer 11

Same proportion of ethnic group exists in area as in the whole system

Question 12

What does a Location Quotient less than 1 mean?

Answer 12

Under-represented in area

Question 13

What does a Location Quotient more than 1 mean?

Answer 13

Indicated that the ethnic group is over represented in the area

Question 14

What are other ways to measure ethnic diversity?

Answer 14

1. Ethnic Diversity Index
2. Index of Dissimilarity
3. Isolation
4. Concentration
5. Centralisation
6. Clustering

Question 15

What is the Ethnic Diversity Index ?

Answer 15

Reports the percentage of times that 2 randomly selected people would differ by ethnicity

Question 16

What is the Index of Dissimilarity ?

Answer 16

The proportion of one to the group’s population who wold have to move to be distributed across areas in the same way as the rest of the population

Question 17

As human geographers, what sort of data do we often work with?

Answer 17

Aggregate Data

Question 18

What is Ecological Fallacy?

Answer 18

• Involves inferring individual characters from aggregate population data
• Conceals significant variation
• An ecological fallacy occurs when it is inferred that the results used on aggregate zonal or group data can be applied to individuals who form zones or groups being studied

Question 19

What does Fallacy mean?

Answer 19

False ot Erroneous

Question 20

What is Exception Fallacy?

Answer 20

Inferences about the nature of groups are decided from observations/analysis on individuals in those groups

Question 21

What is the Modifiable Areal Unit Problem

Answer 21

A challenge that occurs during the spatial analysis of aggregated data in which results differ when the same analysis is applied to the same data, but using different aggregation unit.

Question 22

What are the two types of effects of the MAUP?

Answer 22

1. The Scale Effect

2. The Zone Effect

Question 23

What is Gerrymandering?

Answer 23

An example of the MAUP Zone effect:
Deliberately altering constituency boundaries for political gain
E.g. Tories have proposed plans to change boundaries meaning they are unlikely to lose another election, whilst other parties would suffer more