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Junior Opthamology > STRABISMUS > Flashcards

STRABISMUS Flashcards

1
Q

Strabismus refers to ___________ of the ___________ of the two eyes

A

misalignment

visual axes

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2
Q

Visual axis is the line of vision which passes from the __________ , through the __________ of the eye to the __________ (object of regards)

A

fovea

nodal point

point of fixation

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3
Q

In normal_____________ (BSV), the two visual axes intersect at ___________________

A

binocular single vision

the point of fixation

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4
Q

BSV is the ability to _____________ with the two eyes, form ____________ images (one from each eye) & yet ________________ to create a ____________ with _______

A

view an object

two separate images

fuse these centrally

single perception ; depth

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5
Q

Strabismus can be broadly divided into _________ (_________) or _________ (_________)

A

latent ; heterophoria

manifest; heterotropia

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6
Q

Manifest squint can be subdivided into __________ or __________

A

concomitant

incomitant

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7
Q

Orthophoria refers to ____________ in the absence of ______________

A

perfect ocular alignment

any stimulus for fusion

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8
Q

Heterophoria refers to a condition in which the tendency of the eyes to deviate is kept _________ by _________ (_________, _________)

A

latent

fusion reflex

esophoria

exophoria

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9
Q

Heterotropia is a manifest deviation in which the visual axes ________________________________ (________ , ________, ________, ________)

A

do not intersect at the point of fixation

esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, hypotropia

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10
Q

Concomitant squint is a type of _________ squint in which the _________ in the squinting eye remains _________ in all _________ & there is no _________ of _________

A

manifest

amount of deviation ; constant

directions of gaze ;limitation

ocular movements

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11
Q

Incomitant squint is a type of ________ squint in which the ______________ ________ in different directions of gaze. Could be ________, ________ or ________

A

manifest

amount of deviation

varies ; paralytic

paretic ; restrictive

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12
Q

The actions of EOMs on the eyeball could be __________ or __________

A

primary or subsidiary

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13
Q

Primary action of a muscle is its major effect when the eye is in the _____________

Subsidiary actions are the additional effects which depends on the ____________

A

primary position

position of the eye

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14
Q

The medial & lateral recti have ________action

MR - ___________
LR - _______________

A

only primary

adduction

abduction

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15
Q

superior rectus (SR)
PA- _________, maximal at _________
SA- __________,__________

Inferior Rectus( IR)
PA- _________, maximal at _________
SA- __________,__________

A

elevation; abduction

Adduction; Intortion

Depression; abduction

Adduction; extortion

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16
Q

Superior Oblique
PA- _________
SA- __________,__________ maximal at _________

Inferior Oblique
PA- _________
SA- __________,__________ maximal at _________

A

Intortion ; Abduction

depression ; adduction

Extortion; Abduction

elevation; adduction

17
Q

Duction refers to ________ movement of the eye e.g _________,________,________,_________,_______,___________

A

monocular

abduction, adduction, elevation, depression, intortion, extorsion

18
Q

Versions are ___________ , simultaneous conjugate eye movement (in the same direction) e.g ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________, ___________)

A

binocular

dextroversion, laevoversion, dextroelevation, dextrodepression, laevoelevation, laevodepression

19
Q

There are 6 cardinal positions of gaze viz-a-viz : list them

There are 9 diagnostic positions of gaze whereby deviations are measured ( list them)

A

dextroversion, laevoversion, dextroelevation, dexrodepression, laevoelevation, laevodepression

6 cardinal positions, primary position, elevation & depression

20
Q

Adaptations to strabismus

At the onset of a squint, two sensory perceptions arise leading to __________ and __________

A

confusion & pathological diplopia

21
Q

Adaptations to strabismus

Ocular system especially in ______\ has the ability to adapt to these anomalous states by sensory & motor means

Sensory adaptation includes _____________ and __________________________

A

children

suppression & abnormal retinal correspondence

22
Q

Adaptations to strabismus

Motor adaptation includes _________,_______,________, or ___________

A

face turn, head tilt, chin elevation or depression

23
Q

AETIOLOGY

Heterophoria
- orbital __________
- Abnormal _______________
-____________ factors
-___________ factors
- Dissociation factors – ___________ task

A

assymetry

Interpupillary distance

Accommodation; convergence

monocular

24
Q

AETIOLOGY

Concomitant strabismus

  • uncorrected ________________
  • prolonged ________________
  • ________________
  • Abnormality of ____________ and _________
  • Abnormality of ________________ and ________________
  • Deficient __________ development
  • Visual loss – ________________, ________________, ________________
  • Abnormality of ________________ of eye movement
A

significant refractive error

use of wrong spectacle; Anisometropia

orbital shape ; size

accommodation ; convergence

fusion ;corneal/lens opacities

maculopathy; optic atrophy

cortical control

25
Q

Aetiology

Incomitant strabismus

a. ___________
b. ___________
C. ___________ - ___________

A

neurogenic

Myogenic

Neuromuscular juction - Myasthenia gravis

26
Q

Clinical evaluation of Squint

History
_____ of onset/duration; ___________ ; _________ of deviation; _________ ; associations (poor vision, double vision, abnormal head posture)
___________________ , ______________

Pregnancy & delivery history
Developmental history
____________ of strabismus
Any other systemic abnormalities especially CNS

A

Age; variability

direction; precipitants

Previous/current ocular disease, spectacle use

Family history

27
Q

Clinical evaluation of squint : Examination

Observation – dysmorphic features, facial asymmetry, abnormal head posture, ptosis

Visual acuity
- Adult: _________ chart, _________ chart
- Children: age appropriate tool - _________ cards, _________, _________ pictures, _________ chart, _________ charts

A

Snellens chart; LogMar chart

Cardiff acuity cards
Lea paddles
Kays pictures
LogMar chart
HOTV charts

28
Q

Clinical evaluation of squint
Confirmation of deviation – _______/_________ test

A

cover/uncover

29
Q

Clinical evaluation of squint

Measurement of degree of deviation using a __________,__________ or ___________

A

pen torch, prism, synoptophore

30
Q

Treatment

________ especially in accommodative esotropias
_________
_________________ especially in convergence insufficiency
________________ injection

_________ to strengthen the weak muscle or to weaken the strong muscle

A

Glasses; Prisms

Orthoptic exercises

Botulinum toxin

Surgery

31
Q

Treatment

Weakening procedures include ________,_________,_________, or _________

Strengthening procedures include _______,________,_________

A

recession, disinsertion, myotomy, myectomy

resection, advancement, tucking

Junior Opthamology (12 decks)

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