stones, insipidus, hydronephresis

Question 1

most common type of renal stones

Answer 1

calcium oxalate

Question 2

radiology appearance calcium oxalate stones

Answer 2

opaque (bright)

Question 3

cause uric acid stones

Answer 3

malignancy, children

Question 4

radiology appearance uric acid stones

Answer 4

radiolucent (less dense)

Question 5

cause calcium phosphate renal stones

Answer 5

renal tubular acidosis

Question 6

radiology appearance calcium phosphate stones

Answer 6

VV radio opaque (bright)- like bones

Question 7

what are struvite stones formed of

Answer 7

mc, ammonium, phosphate

Question 8

what causes struvite stones

Answer 8

bacteria, chronic infection, alkaline urine

Question 9

radiology appearance struvite

Answer 9

slightly opaque

Question 10

renal stones with acidic urine

Answer 10

uric acid (maybe calium phosphate)

Question 11

stones with alkaline urine pH

Answer 11

struvate

Question 12

stones with normal urine pH

Answer 12

cystine, calcium (variable)

Question 13

RF renal stones

Answer 13

dehydrated // raised Ca + parathyroid // renal tubular acidosis // PKD, medullary sponge

Question 14

RF urate stones

Answer 14

gout, iliostomy

Question 15

drugs that cause calcium stones

Answer 15

loops, steroids, azetazolamide, theophylinne

Question 16

drugs that prevent calcium stones

Answer 16

thiazides

Question 17

mx mild pain renal colic

Answer 17

NSAIDs - diclofenac

Question 18

mx sevre pain kidney stones eg admitted

Answer 18

IM diclofenac

Question 19

inital nvx renal stones

Answer 19

dipstick + culture // U+Es // FBX // calcium + urate

Question 20

imaging renal stones

Answer 20

non contrast CT KUB within 14 hours // (USS OK as well)

Question 21

mx renal stones <5mm

Answer 21

pass themselves within 4 weeks

Question 22

what surgical emergency can occur with kidney stones + how is it mx

Answer 22

infection + obstruction –> decompression

Question 23

mx stones surgically

Answer 23

shock wave (<2cm) // uteroscopy (pregnant) // pc nephrolithotomy (obstruction)

Question 24

mx prophylaxis hypercalcaemia –> stones

Answer 24

increase fluids // low animal produce + Na // thiazides

Question 25

mx prophylaxis oxalate stones

Answer 25

cholestramine (or pyridoxone)

Question 26

prophylactic mx uric acid stones

Answer 26

allopurinol // urinaly alkaline eg oral bicarb

Question 27

what is stag horn calculi

Answer 27

involve renal pelvis and extend to 2 calyces

Question 28

what is assoc with staghorn calciuli

Answer 28

struvite + proteus infection

Question 29

what is the issue in cranial diabetes insipidus

Answer 29

low ADH

Question 30

what is the issue in nepropgenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 30

insensivite receptors to ADH

Question 31

causes cranial diabetes insipidus

Answer 31

head trauma // pituitary surgery // sarcoid // haemachromatosis!!!

Question 32

causes nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 32

genetic (ADH receptors or aquaporin channels) // high ca // low K // lithium // obstruction, sickle cell, infection

Question 33

how does litium cause diabetes insipidus

Answer 33

desensitives kidney to ADH in collecting ducts

Question 34

symptoms diabetes insipidus

Answer 34

polyuria and polydipsia

Question 35

invx DI

Answer 35

high plasma oslolality and low urine osmolarity // water deprivation test (still pee lots of dilute urine)

Question 36

what urine osmolality excludes diabetes insipidus

Answer 36

>700

Question 37

mx nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

Answer 37

thiazides // low salt and protein

Question 38

mx central diabetes insipidus

Answer 38

desmopression (ADH)

Question 39

what is hydropnephrosis

Answer 39

build up of urine --> stretched and increased pressure

Question 40

cause of unilateral Hydronephrosis

Answer 40

PACT: pelvic uteric obstruction // aberrant renal vessels // calculi // tumours

Question 41

causes bilateral Hydronephrosis

Answer 41

SUPER // stenosis of urethra // urtheral valve // prostate // extensive bladder tumour // retro-peritoneal fibrosis

Question 42

invx Hydronephrosis

Answer 42

1 = USS // IVU // CT if suspected stones