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GI - Week 1 > Stomach Physiology > Flashcards

Stomach Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Are stomach secretions isotonic or hypotonic to plasma?

A

Isotonic

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2
Q

This is the physiologic sphincter of the stomach, stimulated by nitric oxide

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

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3
Q

This region of the stomach is where the esophagus joins the stomach

A

Cardia

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4
Q

Glands in this region of the stomach secrete mucus

A

Cardia
(cardiac glands)

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5
Q

This region of the stomach is gas storing/trap

A

Fundus

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6
Q

This region of the stomach is acid secreting and contains parietal cells

A

Corpus (body)

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7
Q

This region of the stomach functions in emptying, is affected by large intestine contractions
Contains gastrin and somatostatin secretion and mucus

A

Antrum

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8
Q

This region of the stomach has parietal cells

A

Corpus (body)

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9
Q

This part of the stomach has gastrin and somatostatin

A

Antrum

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10
Q

This is the anatomical sphincter of the stomach

A

Pyloric valve

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11
Q

Is there absorption of nutrients in the stomach?

A

No

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12
Q

How many slow waves are there in the stomach per minute?

A

3

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13
Q

Contraction of GI smooth muscle occurs when action potentials are generated
Duration of contraction is related this

A

Number of spike potentials

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14
Q

This region of the stomach is most excitable

A

Antrum
(so increased motility)

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15
Q

Does the fundus of the stomach have a role in motility?

A

Not really

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16
Q

Does the antrum of the stomach have a role in motility?

A

YES - has increased excitability and motility

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17
Q

The stomach can store this many liters of contents
Note that size of stomach is related to physical stature and not obesity

A

1 - 1.5 L

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18
Q

Is gastric accommodation related to pressure?

A

No - no change in pressure as the stomach expands
Is due to reduced gastric tone and increase in compliance

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19
Q

This reflex involved in gastric accommodation occurs as food approaches the LES

A

Receptive relaxation

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20
Q

This reflex involved in gastric accommodation occurs as food enters the stomach
(due to mechanoreceptors)

A

Adaptive relaxation

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21
Q

Mixing begins in this part of the stomach

A

Corpus

Weak peristaltic waves to mix food (chyme)
Fundus and upper corpus (body) have low frequency contractions (generate 5-15 mmHg)

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22
Q

Does distention of the stomach increase or inhibit gastric motility?

A

Increases

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23
Q

Does gastrin increase or inhibit gastric motility?

A

Increase

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24
Q

Does distention of the duodenum increase or inhibit gastric motility?

A

Inhibit

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25
Q

Does the Enterogastric reflex increase or inhibit gastric motility?

A

Inhibits

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26
Q

Distention of this part of the GI tract increases gastric motility

A

Stomach

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27
Q

Distention of this part of the GI tract inhibits gastric emptying

A

Duodenum

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28
Q

Does presence of acid, fat, and carbohydrates increase or inhibit gastric emptying?

A

Inhibit

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29
Q

Do liquids or solids empty from the stomach faster?

A

Liquids

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30
Q

Does gastric emptying occur in proportion to volume?

A

Yes - large volume increases motility

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31
Q

Does hyper-, hypo-, or isotonic components empty from the stomach faster?

A

Isotonic

(osmoreceptors in duodenum inhibit emptying)

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32
Q

Does protein, glucose, or fats empty from the stomach the fastest?

A

Glucose

(glucose > protein > fats)

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33
Q

Does fats, glucose, or protein empty from the stomach the slowest?

A

Fats

(glucose > protein > fats)

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34
Q

Of the following hormones, this is the only that stimulates gastric emptying; the others inhibit:
CCK, secretin, gastrin, PYY, GIP

A

Gastrin

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35
Q

The enterogastric reflex is stimulated by this

A

Acid

results in inhibition of gastric emptying

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36
Q

What effect does the enterogastric reflex have on gastric emptying?

A

Inhibits

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37
Q

This symptom that can occur with vomiting is due to reverse peristalsis

A

Nausea

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38
Q

This symptom that can occur with vomiting is due to secondary peristalsis

A

Retching

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39
Q

Is vomiting solely due to reverse peristalsis?

A

No

Pressure gradient is not sufficient - need contraction of abdominal muscles

40
Q

These 5 cranial nerves are involved in the vomiting reflex

A

V, VII, IX, X, XII

41
Q

The migrating motor complex is cycles of intense contractions of stomach and small intestine during this

42
Q

This is cycles of intense contractions of stomach and small intestine during fasting (1.5-3 hours)

A

Migrating motor complex

43
Q

The action of this moves “debris” from stomach/small intestine through ileocecal valve and into colon

A

Migrating motor complex

44
Q

This phase of the Migrating motor complex is the quiescent period

45
Q

This phase of the Migrating motor complex is increasing action potential frequency; increase in peristalsis

46
Q

This phase of the Migrating motor complex is peak time (minutes) of intense contraction

47
Q

The Migrating motor complex is controlled by the release of this compound

A

Motilin
(which is activated by erythromycin)

48
Q

This compound activates the Migrating motor complex

49
Q

Motilin is activated by this compound

A

Erythromycin

(Side effect of erythromycin: stimulates retrograde movement in the small intestine, resulting in nausea)

50
Q

The action of this may explain the “growling” of the stomach/intestine during times of fasting

A

Migrating motor complex

51
Q

Does feeding stimulate or inhibit the Migrating motor complex?

A

Inhibits

(is stimulated during fasting)

52
Q

Neck cells of the tubular gland secrete this

53
Q

G cells are located in glands in this part of the stomach

54
Q

D cells are located in this part of the stomach

55
Q

G cells secrete this hormone

56
Q

D cells secrete this hormone

A

Somatostatin
(which inhibits the secretion of gastrin)

57
Q

These are also called Oxyntic cells

A

Parietal cells

58
Q

Parietal cells are located in these regions of the stomach

A

Cardia, fundus, and corpus

59
Q

Parietal cells secrete these two compounds

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

60
Q

Chief cells are located in these regions of the stomach

A

Cardia, fundus, corpus

61
Q

Chief cells secrete this hormone

A

Pepsinogen

62
Q

Do surface mucosal cells secrete an acidic or alkaline solution?

A

Alkaline (bicarbonate)

63
Q

Pyloric glands consist of these two secretory cells

A

G and D cells

64
Q

Oxyntic glands consist of these two secretory cells

A

Oxyntic / parietal cells, Chief (peptic) cells

65
Q

This part of the stomach has mucus secreting mucosa

66
Q

This part of the stomach has acid (oxyntic) secreting mucosa

67
Q

This component of gastric secretions converts pepsinogen to pepsin, kills bacteria, and denatures protein

68
Q

This component of gastric secretions is converted to pepsin (HCl) to partially digest proteins

A

Pepsinogen

69
Q

This component of gastric secretions buffers acid

A

Bicarbonate

70
Q

This component of gastric secretions is involved in absorption of vitamin B12

A

Intrinsic factor

71
Q

This component of gastric secretions dissolves and dilutes ingested foods

72
Q

What is the rate limiting step in gastric acid secretion?

A

The ability of CO2 to cross the membrane

73
Q

This component of gastric acid is actively pumped into the lumen of the canaliculus in exchange for potassium

A

Hydrogen ion
(H-K ATPase; proton pump)

74
Q

During gastric acid secretion, hydrogen ion is is actively pumped into the lumen of the canaliculus in exchange for this

A

Potassium
(H-K ATPase; proton pump)

75
Q

Achlorhydria is due to loss of these cells

A

Parietal cells
(so lose HCl production; pepsinogen is not converted to pepsin)

76
Q

What causes Pernicious anemia in Achlorhydria?

A

Loss of parietal cells leads to loss of intrinsic factor, so no protection of Vitamin B12

77
Q

This compound inhibits gastrin release and actions of histamine
Turns off acid secretion

A

Somatostatin

78
Q

These compounds suppress histamine-induced increase in cAMP
Turn off gastric acid secretion

A

Prostanoids

79
Q

This compound has mild effects on turning off acid secretion
Stimulates bicarbonate from pancreas/liver

80
Q

Basal period of gastric secretion is due to small basal release of this

A

Gastrin (G-34 form)

81
Q

This phase of gastric secretion is triggered by thought, smell, or taste
Some Ach and gastrin activity; may produce a small increase in gastric motility

82
Q

This phase of gastric secretion is due to distention (irritation) of stomach
Presence of proteins (luminal contents)

83
Q

This phase of gastric secretion is due to food in the duodenum
Involves gastrin
Overwhelmed by inhibitory pathways (CCK, GIP, secretin)
Accounts for less than 5% of secretions

A

Intestinal

84
Q

What are the four phases of gastric secretion?

A

Basal
Cephalic
Gastric
Intestinal

85
Q

Gastroparesis is delayed gastric emptying, due to damage of this or its innervation

A

Gastric smooth muscle

86
Q

Gastroparesis should be treated with this type of drug

A

Prokinetic drugs

Erythromycin, Metoclopramide, Neostigmine

87
Q

Erythromycin can be used to treat gastroparesis since it stimulates this

88
Q

Metoclopramide can be used to treat gastroparesis since it since it is an antagonist of this

A

Dopamine

(b/c dopamine blocks cholinergic activity)

89
Q

Neostigmine and edrophonium can be used to treat gastroparesis since they are this type of drug

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

90
Q

Bethanechol can be used to treat gastroparesis since it is this type of agonist

A

Cholinergic agonist

91
Q

Relamorelin can be used to treat gastroparesis since it is an agonist of this

92
Q

Prostaglandins typically inhibit the pathway of this hormone, which stimulates acid production

93
Q

NSAIDs inhibit synthesis of this, which can then increase gastric acid production

A

Prostaglandin

94
Q

Does acetaminophen increase gastric acid production?

95
Q

Does ibuprofen increase gastric acid production?

A

Yes
(inhibits prostaglandin synthesis)

GI - Week 1 (11 decks)

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