Oral cavity physiology Flashcards
Muscles of mastication are innervated by a motor branch of this cranial nerve
CN V
Does the stretch reflex cause the jaw to open or close?
Close
Afferent for the swallowing reflex from the pharynx and esophagus is from these cranial nerves
CN V, IX, and X
Efferent for the swallowing reflex from the swallowing center travel via these cranial nerves
CN V, X, and XII
Does the swallowing center excite or inhibit the respiratory center?
Inhibit
What are the three stages of the swallowing reflex?
Voluntary stage
Pharyngeal stage
Esophageal stage
During the pharyngeal stage of the swallowing reflex, the soft palate elevates to close off this
Nasopharynx
During the pharyngeal stage of the swallowing reflex, vestibular and vocal folds expand to close this
Larynx
During the pharyngeal stage of the swallowing reflex, the epiglottis closes this
Trachea
The generation of primary peristaltic wave occurs during this stage of the swallowing reflex
Pharyngeal stage
Secondary peristaltic wave are inherent to this type of muscle
Smooth muscle
The primary and secondary peristaltic waves occur during this stage of the swallowing reflex
Esophageal stage
Is the esophageal stage of the swallowing reflex primarily due to muscles or gravity?
Muscular event
This condition occurs due to failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax
Achalasia
Achalasia is when there is failure of this structure to relax
lower esophageal sphincter
Achalasia involves loss of these fibers, which prevents relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter
Vagal inhibitory fibers (VIF)
In this condition, patients have difficulty swallowing (dysphagia) and bag-like protrusion forms in the esophagus
Achalasia
Achalasia can be treated with pneumatic dilation, botox, surgery, and either of these 2 types of meds
Nitrovasodilators
Calcium channel blockers
Does the parotid gland produce mucus, serous, or mixed secretions?
Serous (water, enzymes, ions)
Does the submandibular gland produce mucus, serous, or mixed secretions?
Mixed (mucus and serous)
Does the sublingual gland produce mucus, serous, or mixed secretions?
Mixed (mucus and serous)
This molecule found in salivary secretions buffers H+ in mouth, esophagus, stomach
Bicarb
Salivary secretions release this compound, which functions in tissue repair
Helps heel wounds such as a bite inside the mouth
Epidermal growth factor
This enzyme found in salivary secretions chelates iron, which is necessary for bacterial growth
Lactoferrin
This enzyme found in salivary secretions breaks apart the bacterial cell wall
Lysozyme
This part of the salivon is responsible for primary secretion
Mucus is isotonic to plasma here
Acinus
In the acinus of the salivon, is mucus isotonic or hypotonic to plasma?
Isotonic
In the ductal cells of the salivon, is mucus isotonic or hypotonic to plasma?
Hypotonic
Saliva is modified in this part of the salivon
Ductal cells
Production of saliva in this part of the salivon primarily consists of adding ions and enzymes to the luminal solution
Acinus
In ductal cells of the salivon, secretion of calcium is driven by Ca++ dependent signaling, to open these channels
Cl- channels
(CFTR channels - which are lost in cystic fibrosis)
In ductal cells of the salivon, CFTR channels are opened through stimulation of this type
Parasympathetic
(acetylcholine binding to M3 receptor)
Does saliva contain more [bicarb and potassium] than [sodium and chloride] relative to plasma?
More - ALWAYS
As saliva passes the ductal cells, sodium is reabsorbed via two mechanisms
Na+/H+ exchange (active)
ENaC (epithelial sodium channels)
As saliva passes the ductal cells, chloride is reabsorbed via this
Cl/HCO3 exchanger
(passive; recycled from CFTR transporter)
Is water permeable across ductal cells?
No - is impermeable
(so solution within the ductal cells becomes hypotonic to plasma)
Aldosterone is released during changes in this
Blood pressure
Aldosterone causes reabsorption mainly of this ion
Sodium
This molecule is released during changes in BP (hypotension, shock), and causes reabsorption of sodium
Aldosterone
Are taste, tactile stimuli, smell and nausea stimulatory or inhibitory to parasympathetic regulation of salivary secretion?
Stimulatory
Are dehydration, fear, and sleep stimulatory or inhibitory to parasympathetic regulation of salivary secretion?
Inhibitory
Does sympathetic stimulation of salivary secretion produce a decrease or increase in secretion?
Short-lived increase in secretion (beta adrenergic)
Is primary saliva secretion isotonic or hypotonic to plasma?
Isotonic
(acini)
Are Na+ and Cl- concentration in saliva less or more than in plasma?
ALWAYS LESS
(so is always hypotonic in ductal cells)
Even during maximal salivary secretion, saliva remains hypotonic to plasma
During maximal salivation, there is less time for ductal cells to reabsorb these two ions, so their concentration increases
Sodium and chloride
Potassium remains relatively constant; bicarb is selectively secreted
This is a condition of chronic dry mouth
Food is tasteless
Associated with tobacco use, dehydration, nerve damage, other underlying conditions (diabetes), medications
Xerostomia
In this condition, there is less secretions, which can cause tooth decay, difficulty swallowing, esophageal erosions, and halitosis
Xerostomia
Along with artificial saliva, this type of drug can be used to treat Xerostomia
Parasympathetic agonists
This condition is often seen in patients on medications, such as:
Tricyclic antidepressants (imipramine; M3 inhibition)
Allergy meds; antihistamines (H1 antagonists)
Radiation therapy
Chemotherapeutic agents
Xerostomia
Chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder
Body attacks all glands that produce moisture (eyes, mouth, vagina)
Occurs mostly in women who have gone through menopause
Erythema
Sjogren’s syndrome
This is infectious parotitis
Inflammation of one or both parotid glands
Can produce an inflammation (pressure) testes – affects fertility (adult men)
Associated with erythema; puffy cheeks
Mumps
Viral; usually runs its course in 7-14 days
