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GI - Week 1 > Stomach histology > Flashcards

Stomach histology Flashcards

1
Q

Histologically, the stomach is divided into these three regions, based on the type of gland contained in the mucosa regions

A

Cardiac
Pylorus
Fundus

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2
Q

This region of the stomach is the part near the esophageal orifice

A

Cardia

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3
Q

This region of the stomach is the part proximal to the pyloric sphincter

A

Pyloric

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4
Q

This region of the stomach is situated between the cardia and pylorus

A

Fundic

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5
Q

Longitudinal folds in the stomach comprising mucosa and submucosa

A

Rugae

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6
Q

The epithelium of the esophagus changes from stratified squamous to this type of epithelium at the gastroesophageal junction

A

Simple columnar

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7
Q

This layer of the stomach is relatively thick and contains numerous tubular glands

A

Mucosa

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8
Q

This layer of the stomach contains gastric pits, where the gastric glands open into

A

Mucosa

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9
Q

This layer of the gastric mucosa can consist of 3 layers of smooth muscle, although this layering is not always visible and is continuous with the esophagus

A

Muscularis mucosae

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10
Q

In an empty contracted stomach, the mucosa is thrown into longitudinal folds (rugae) because of the contraction of this

A

Muscularis mucosae

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11
Q

This region of the stomach is tubular with a coiled end
Mucus secreting epithelium

A

Cardiac region

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12
Q

This region of the stomach has complex organization
2-7 glands open into each gastric pit

A

Fundic region

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13
Q

This region of the stomach has pits which extend halfway through the mucosa
Largely mucus secreting glands

A

Pyloric region

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14
Q

These two regions of the stomach are largely mucus secreting

A

Cardiac and pyloric regions

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15
Q

Parietal cells are abundant in this part of the stomach gland, with chief cells separating them

A

Upper body of the gland

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16
Q

Parietal cells are abundant in the upper body of the gland, with these cells separating them

A

Chief cells

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17
Q

These cells are abundant in the upper body of the gland, with chief cells separating them

A

Parietal cells

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18
Q

These cells become more abundant towards the bottom of the gland, as well as enteroendocrine cells

A

Chief cells

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19
Q

Chief cells become more abundant towards the bottom of the gland, as well as these cells

A

Enteroendocrine cells

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20
Q

Chief cells become more abundant towards this part of the gland, as well as enteroendocrine cells

A

Bottom of the gland

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21
Q

This region of the stomach is mostly mucus cells with pale staining cytoplasm, and sparse enteroendocrine cells

A

Cardiac region

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22
Q

Does the cardiac region of the stomach have many enteroendocrine cells?

A

No, sparse

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23
Q

This region of the stomach has tubular, tortuous, and branches glands that are considered shorter than glands of the other regions

A

Cardiac region

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24
Q

Are glands in the cardiac region shorter or longer than those in the fundic or pyloric regions?

A

Shorter

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25
Q

Are there many chief or parietal cells in the cardiac region?

A

Few

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26
Q

The cardiac region helps protect epithelium against gastric reflux using these glands in esophagus and gastric juice

A

Cardiac glands

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27
Q

Fundic glands are present throughout this part of the stomach

A

Throughout the entire gastric mucosa

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28
Q

This region of the stomach has simple, tubular glands that are branches at the very end

A

Pyloric region

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29
Q

This region of the stomach has deeper pits than the glands of other regions

A

Pyloric regions

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30
Q

Which stomach region has glands with deeper pits?

A

Pyloric region

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31
Q

This region of the stomach is hard to identify in sections due to tortuous nature

A

Pyloric region

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32
Q

This layer of the stomach contains blood vessels

A

Submucosa

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33
Q

This layer of the stomach is composed of three poorly defined layers:
Outer longitudinal layer
Middle circular layer
Inner oblique layer

A

Muscularis externa

34
Q

Is muscular arrangement in the stomach more or less organized than that in the esophagus?

A

Less - is more unorganized, as the mixing of chyme becomes important

35
Q

These cells are interspersed between parietal cells in the neck of the gland, and release mucinogen granules upon vagal stimulation

A

Mucous cells

36
Q

Mucous cells are interspersed between these cells in the neck of the gland, and release mucinogen granules upon vagal stimulation

37
Q

This type of mucous cell has oval-shaped nucleus and secretes more mucous
Mucous cloudier, insoluble
Apical granules containing glycoproteins

A

Surface mucous cells

38
Q

Does this describe surface or neck mucous cells:
Secrete more mucous

39
Q

Does this describe surface or neck mucous cells:
Mucous cloudier, insoluble

40
Q

Does this describe surface or neck mucous cells:
Have apical granules containing glycoproteins

41
Q

Does this describe surface or neck mucous cells:
Secrete less mucous

42
Q

Does this describe surface or neck mucous cells:
More soluble mucous

43
Q

These are considered immature precursors of surface mucous cells

A

Neck mucous cells

44
Q

These cells are pepsinogen-secreting, and are in the deeper portion of the fundic glands

A

Chief cells

45
Q

Chief cells are found in this part of the fundic glands

A

Deeper portion

46
Q

Chief cells secrete this compound

A

Pepsinogen

47
Q

Chief cells are mainly in this region of the stomach

A

Fundic region

(are not present in the cardiac glands, and seldom in the pyloric antrum)

48
Q

Secretion of pepsinogen is stimulated by this molecule, and stored zymogen granules in the apical portion of the chief cell store pepsinogen after being synthesized by ribosomes

A

Acetylcholine

49
Q

Secretion of this compound is stimulated by acetylcholine, and stored zymogen granules in the apical portion of the chief cell store it after being synthesized by ribosomes

A

Pepsinogen

50
Q

Pepsinogen is the proteolytic precursor of this digestive enzyme, and is converted in the acidic environment of the stomach

51
Q

This is the proteolytic precursor of the digestive enzyme pepsin, and is converted in the acidic environment of the stomach

A

Pepsinogen

52
Q

What stimulates the conversion of pepsinogen to pepsin?

A

Acidic environment of the stomach

53
Q

This type of cell has prominent rER in the basal portion of the cell which leads to intense basophilic staining

A

Chief cells

54
Q

Parietal cells secrete these two compounds

A

HCl and intrinsic factor

55
Q

Parietal cells are distributed throughout the gland but are more numerous in this part

56
Q

These cells are distributed throughout the gland but are more numerous in the neck
Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor

A

Parietal cells

57
Q

This is a glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum

A

Intrinsic factor

58
Q

Intrinsic factor is a glycoprotein necessary for the absorption of this compound in the terminal ileum

A

vitamin B12

59
Q

Low levels of vitamin B12 can lead to a reduction of production of this type of cell

A

Erythrocyte

60
Q

These cells have deep, branching canaliculi
The cytoplasm displays numerous tubulovesicles and secretory canaliculi continuous with the lumen of the gastric gland

A

Parietal cells

61
Q

The membranes of the tubulovesicular system of this type of cell serve as a plasma membrane reservoir and house enzymes and proton pumps that fuse with the membrane during stimulation

A

Parietal cells

62
Q

The membranes of the tubulovesicular system of parietal cells house these two main enzymes

A

Carbonic anhydrase
H+/K+ ATPase

63
Q

This enzyme converts water and carbon dioxide to bicarbonate and H+

A

Carbonic anhydrase

64
Q

This enzyme allows for the secretion of HCl by exchanging H+ and K+ across the membrane

A

H+/K+ ATPase

65
Q

The activated form of PPIs binds covalently to the H+/K+ ATPase of this cell

A

Parietal cell (which is acid-producing)

66
Q

Parietal and chief cell secretory activity is controlled by the ANS and via this hormone, which is secreted by the neuroendocrine cells of the pyloric region

67
Q

Parietal and chief cell secretory activity is controlled by the ANS and via the hormone gastrin, which is secreted by these cells of the pyloric region

A

Neuroendocrine cells
(aka Enteroendocrine cells; G cells)

68
Q

Neuroendocrine cells are located along this part of the gastric gland

A

All along the gland

69
Q

This hormone has a primary function to stimulate parietal cells, but also can activate cholecystokinin to stimulate gallbladder contraction

70
Q

Gastrin has a primary function to stimulate these cells, but also can activate cholecystokinin to stimulate gallbladder contraction

71
Q

Gastrin has a primary function to stimulate parietal cells, but also can activate this molecule to stimulate gallbladder contraction

A

Cholecystokinin

72
Q

Gastrin has a primary function to stimulate parietal cells, but also can activate cholecystokinin to stimulate contraction of this structure

A

Gallbladder

73
Q

Does this describe an open or closed neuroendocrine cell:
Reaches lumen and has microvilli to the gland lumen

74
Q

Does this describe an open or closed neuroendocrine cell:
Primary chemoreceptors

75
Q

Does this describe an open or closed neuroendocrine cell:
Sample gland lumen and release hormones accordingly

76
Q

Does this describe an open or closed neuroendocrine cell:
Do not reach lumen

77
Q

Does this describe an open or closed neuroendocrine cell:
Small, and rest on the basal lamina

78
Q

Does this describe an open or closed neuroendocrine cell:
Hormone release regulated by luminal content (neural and paracrine methods)

79
Q

The gastrointestinal epithelium undergoes renewal every # days

80
Q

Which cell type in the stomach mucosa is turned over the least: mucous, parietal, chief, or enteroendocrine cells?

A

Parietal cells

Mucous neck cell (~6 days)
Parietal cells (~175 days)
Chief and enteroendocrine cells (~75 days)

GI - Week 1 (11 decks)

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