STM Flashcards
Vad menar man med STM inom the multicomponent model of WM
STM refers to tasks that involve simple storage of information without the need to manipulate. However simple storage is not simple and makes demands on other aspects of WM(framförallt attentional control).
Chunking
the process of combining a number of items into a single chunk typically on the basis of LTM
Phonological loop and its 2 subcomponents
Part of the multicomponent model of WM that is responsible for the temporary storage of speech-like information. Assumed two have 2 subcomponents - a short term store and an articulatory rehearsal process.
- Store is assumed to be limited in capacity, with items registered as memory traces that decay within a few seconds.
- The traces can be refreshed by subvocal rehearsal
2 advantages of phonological loop approach
- provides a coherent account of a range of very robust STM phenomena
- does so in a way that explicitly links them to other aspects of working memory.
Vilka 4 viktiga features av verbal STM kan the loop model förklara
Phonological similarity effect, articulatory suppression, word length effect, irrelevant sound effect
The phonological similarity effect:
A tendency for immediate serial recall of verbal material to be reduced, when the items are similar in sound. The effect is supposed to occur at retrieval, when information is read out from STM(similar items have fewer distinguishing features and hence are more likely to be confused)
- Auditory speech assumed to feed directly into the phonological store; visually presented items can also be fed into the store if they are nameable(ex. Digits, letters, nameable objects) through a process of vocal or subvocal articulation
(in LTM however, similarity of meaning becomes much more important)
Articulatory suppression
when the subvocal rehearsal system is blocked by repeatedly saying something unrelated.
- Makes you unable to refresh the memory trace by subvocal rehearsal
- Also prevents you from subvocally naming visually presented items, which prevents them from being registered in the phonological store.
Vilken roll spelar phonological similarity för visuellt respektive auditivt presenterade items om man gör articulatory suppression
- Phonological similarity doesn’t matter when items are presented visually and accompanied by articulatory suppression; both similar and dissimilar items will be retained at a lower and equivalent level
- with auditory presentation, similarity effect still occurs since words gain direct access to phonological store despite the suppression
Word length effect
harder to remember a given number of words if the words have more syllables - bc the time taken to speak the words(vocally or subvocally) increases.
Can be summarized by the statement that people can remember about as many words as they can say in 2 seconds.
2 Alternativa tolkningar av word length effect
- An alternative to the theory above is the proposal that longer words are more complex and this leads to more interference
- Another alternative interpretation suggest that longer words, having more components to be remembered, are more vulnerable to fragmentation and forgetting(this theory has been abandoned by the early proponents)
Irrelevant sound effects
A tendency for verbal STM to be disrupted by concurrent fluctuation sounds, including both speech and music.
- recall of visually presented digits is impaired when participants have to ignore speech, even if the speech is in an unfamiliar language
- recall not impaired when foreign speech is replaced by unpatterned noise
Changing state hypothesis
based on the observation that even pure tones will disrupt verbal STM provided that they fluctuate in pitch. Assumes that retention of serial order can be disrupted by irrelevant auditory stimuli provided that these fluctuate over time.
The purely verbally specified phonological loop had 2 major shortcomings, which?
- It had no adequate explanation of how serial order is stored.
- It had no clear specification of the crucial processes involved in retrieval from the phonological store
Theories about how serial order is stored
- Chaining: A->B->C->D
Each item iis associated with the next recall begins with item A which invokes B - Context:
Each item is linked to a changing context, which may be time-based. Context then acts as a recall cue. - Primacy:
Each item presented receives activation. The first receives the most, the next a little less, and so forth. Items are recalled in order of strength. Once recalled, that item is suppressed and the next strongest one is chosen
Serial-order-in-a box(SOB)
context based model of serial order that rejects the context being time-based. Proposes that order is maintained using an event-based context signal, with forgetting based on interference between events(fattar ej längre vad som menas riktigt :( men skitsamma)
