Stiner - Blood: Cells, Plasma Proteins, and Oxygen Transport

Question 1

________ is the aqueous solution containing formed elements and lacks cells in blood

Answer 1

plasma

Question 2

The plasma fraction without clotting proteins is termed ________

Answer 2

serum

Question 3

_____ is carried in the plasma

Answer 3

albumin

Question 4

The ligands of divalent and trivalent cations bind to the protein _____ (cation binding)

Answer 4

albumin

Question 5

The ligand, Cu, binds to the protein ______ (cation binding)

Answer 5

ceruloplasmin

Question 6

The ligand, Fe, binds to the protein ________ (cation binding) - transports iron through the blood

Answer 6

transferrin

Question 7

The ligands, heme, bilirubin, and biliverdin bind to the protein ______ (hemoglobin/protoporphyrin binding)

Answer 7

albumin

Question 8

The ligand, hemoglobin dimers bind to the protein ______ (hemoglobin/protoporphyrin binding)

Answer 8

hepatoglobin

Question 9

The ligand, non-esterified fatty acids and steroids bind to the protein ____ (fatty acid binding)

Answer 9

albumin

Question 10

_______ accounts for 50% of plasma proteins; it is highly polar and dissolved easily in water, is an amino acid reserve; and is essential for maintaining _______ _______

Answer 10

albumin

osmotic pressure

Question 11

Albumin is the primary plasma protein responsible for transport of _______ _____ _____, ______, and drugs

Answer 11

hydrophobic fatty acid

bilirubin

Question 12

_________ is a major component of the acute phase response and a marker of ______ ______

Answer 12

C-reactive protein (CRP)

bacterial infection

Question 13

Measurement of CRP concentration in plasma is an essential test in diagnosis and monitoring of ______ and ______

Answer 13

infection and sepsis

Question 14

_____ is the major iron storage protein found in almost all cells in the body; it also acts as a reserve of iron in the liver and bone marrow

Answer 14

ferritin

Question 15

______ is derived from ferritin and slowly releases iron when deficiency occurs

Answer 15

hemosiderin

Question 16

_________ is the major transport for copper

Answer 16

ceruloplasmin

Question 17

Immunoglobulin ____ is widely found in secretions and presents an antiseptic barrier which protects mucosal surfaces

Answer 17

A

Question 18

Immunoglobulin ____ is a surface receptor for B cells

Answer 18

D

Question 19

Immunoglobulin ___ is present only in trance amounts and acts to bind antigen and promote a release of vasoactive amines from mast cells

Answer 19

E

Question 20

Immunoglobulin ____ is the most common and freely crosses the placenta

Answer 20

G

Question 21

Immunoglobulin ___ is confined to intravascular space and helps eliminate circulating antigens and microorganisms

Answer 21

M

Question 22

The ___ _____ ______ is a non-specific response to inflammation, marked by alterations in levels of proteins

Answer 22

acute phase proteins

Question 23

The major fraction of O2 in the blood is complexed with ferrous proteins ______ and _______

Answer 23

hemoglobin and myoglobin

Question 24

Utilization of O2 generates ____ _____; involved in cell signaling and are capable of damaging cells

Answer 24

free radicals

Question 25

__________ is involved with O2 transport and is located in RBCs; involved with O2 and CO2 exchange; is tetrameter with 2 α and 2 β globins; highly sensitive to pH, major buffer in blood

Answer 25

hemoglobin

Question 26

______ is involved with O2 storage in cytoplasm specifically in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles

Answer 26

myoglobin

Question 27

______ _____ aid in the stabilization of globins; polar on the exterior and hydrophobic on the interior; basic help stabilize O2 binding

Answer 27

amino acids

Question 28

______ increase the aqueous solubility of the otherwise poorly soluble hydrophobic heme group

Answer 28

globins

Question 29

75% on ____ is attach to heme protein in the 2+ state; 15% is stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow ; predominantly reabsorbed in duodenum

Answer 29

iron

Question 30

____ binding is cooperative; once it binds to one region it is then easier for the other regions to bind as well

Answer 30

O2

Question 31

An ______ protein is a protein that exhibits changes in ligand (or substrate) affinity under the influence of small molecules; pH, CO2, 2,3-BPG example = hemoglobin

Answer 31

allosteric

Question 32

Carbon dioxide has a much ________ affinity for hemoglobin than O2 and thus _________ the amount of O2 that can be transported

Answer 32

higher | reduces

Question 33

True or False | There are few mutation in the genes encoding α-globin and β-globin polypeptides

Answer 33

False; there are over 900 documented mutations

Question 34

A majority of the mutations in globins are _________

Answer 34

harmless

Question 35

This disease is hereditary, caused by a single point mutation in β-globin (glutamic acid to valine), affects African populations, changing the structure of the RBC, the majority of symptoms being in early childhood.

Answer 35

sickle cell disease

Question 36

``` Sickle cell disease is characterized by; intermittent episodes of _______ _______ chronic ______ of RBC painful _______ _______ ______ organ systems are affected ```

Answer 36

hemolytic anemia lysis vasocclusive crises (blood vessel blockage) multiple

Question 37

True or False | Sickle cell disease can cause issues in the oral cavity

Answer 37

True; sickle cell disease can affect the mucosa (gingival enlargement, spontaneous hematoma, etc), can affect the teeth (delayed eruption, pulpal necrosis, etc), and more

Question 38

True or False | More CO2 in the blood will cause hemoglobin to pick up more oxygen

Answer 38

False; since CO2 has a higher affinity for hemoglobin that O2, an increase in CO2 concentration will cause the hemoglobin to drop their O2; this is the BOHR effect

Question 39

True or False | A increase in blood pH will cause hemoglobin to pick up more oxygen

Answer 39

True; hemoglobin would drop oxygen in a decrease in pH (more acidity) this is the BOHR effect

Question 40

The ________ ______ states that hemoglobins oxygen affinity is inversely related to CO2 and pH. CO2 and pH are related an increase in CO2 (carbonic acid in blood) will decrease the pH

Answer 40

Bohr Effect