Stiner - Blood: Cells, Plasma Proteins, and Oxygen Transport Flashcards
________ is the aqueous solution containing formed elements and lacks cells in blood
plasma
The plasma fraction without clotting proteins is termed ________
serum
_____ is carried in the plasma
albumin
The ligands of divalent and trivalent cations bind to the protein _____ (cation binding)
albumin
The ligand, Cu, binds to the protein ______ (cation binding)
ceruloplasmin
The ligand, Fe, binds to the protein ________ (cation binding) - transports iron through the blood
transferrin
The ligands, heme, bilirubin, and biliverdin bind to the protein ______ (hemoglobin/protoporphyrin binding)
albumin
The ligand, hemoglobin dimers bind to the protein ______ (hemoglobin/protoporphyrin binding)
hepatoglobin
The ligand, non-esterified fatty acids and steroids bind to the protein ____ (fatty acid binding)
albumin
_______ accounts for 50% of plasma proteins; it is highly polar and dissolved easily in water, is an amino acid reserve; and is essential for maintaining _______ _______
albumin
osmotic pressure
Albumin is the primary plasma protein responsible for transport of _______ _____ _____, ______, and drugs
hydrophobic fatty acid
bilirubin
_________ is a major component of the acute phase response and a marker of ______ ______
C-reactive protein (CRP)
bacterial infection
Measurement of CRP concentration in plasma is an essential test in diagnosis and monitoring of ______ and ______
infection and sepsis
_____ is the major iron storage protein found in almost all cells in the body; it also acts as a reserve of iron in the liver and bone marrow
ferritin
______ is derived from ferritin and slowly releases iron when deficiency occurs
hemosiderin
_________ is the major transport for copper
ceruloplasmin
Immunoglobulin ____ is widely found in secretions and presents an antiseptic barrier which protects mucosal surfaces
A
Immunoglobulin ____ is a surface receptor for B cells
D
Immunoglobulin ___ is present only in trance amounts and acts to bind antigen and promote a release of vasoactive amines from mast cells
E
Immunoglobulin ____ is the most common and freely crosses the placenta
G
Immunoglobulin ___ is confined to intravascular space and helps eliminate circulating antigens and microorganisms
M
The ___ _____ ______ is a non-specific response to inflammation, marked by alterations in levels of proteins
acute phase proteins
The major fraction of O2 in the blood is complexed with ferrous proteins ______ and _______
hemoglobin and myoglobin
Utilization of O2 generates ____ _____; involved in cell signaling and are capable of damaging cells
free radicals
__________ is involved with O2 transport and is located in RBCs; involved with O2 and CO2 exchange; is tetrameter with 2 α and 2 β globins; highly sensitive to pH, major buffer in blood
hemoglobin
______ is involved with O2 storage in cytoplasm specifically in skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles
myoglobin
______ _____ aid in the stabilization of globins; polar on the exterior and hydrophobic on the interior; basic help stabilize O2 binding
amino acids
______ increase the aqueous solubility of the otherwise poorly soluble hydrophobic heme group
globins
75% on ____ is attach to heme protein in the 2+ state; 15% is stored in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow ; predominantly reabsorbed in duodenum
iron
____ binding is cooperative; once it binds to one region it is then easier for the other regions to bind as well
O2
An ______ protein is a protein that exhibits changes in ligand (or substrate) affinity under the influence of small molecules; pH, CO2, 2,3-BPG
example = hemoglobin
allosteric
Carbon dioxide has a much ________ affinity for hemoglobin than O2 and thus _________ the amount of O2 that can be transported
higher
reduces
True or False
There are few mutation in the genes encoding α-globin and β-globin polypeptides
False; there are over 900 documented mutations
A majority of the mutations in globins are _________
harmless
This disease is hereditary, caused by a single point mutation in β-globin (glutamic acid to valine), affects African populations, changing the structure of the RBC, the majority of symptoms being in early childhood.
sickle cell disease
Sickle cell disease is characterized by; intermittent episodes of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ chronic \_\_\_\_\_\_ of RBC painful \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ organ systems are affected
hemolytic anemia
lysis
vasocclusive crises (blood vessel blockage)
multiple
True or False
Sickle cell disease can cause issues in the oral cavity
True; sickle cell disease can affect the mucosa (gingival enlargement, spontaneous hematoma, etc), can affect the teeth (delayed eruption, pulpal necrosis, etc), and more
True or False
More CO2 in the blood will cause hemoglobin to pick up more oxygen
False; since CO2 has a higher affinity for hemoglobin that O2, an increase in CO2 concentration will cause the hemoglobin to drop their O2; this is the BOHR effect
True or False
A increase in blood pH will cause hemoglobin to pick up more oxygen
True; hemoglobin would drop oxygen in a decrease in pH (more acidity) this is the BOHR effect
The ________ ______ states that hemoglobins oxygen affinity is inversely related to CO2 and pH. CO2 and pH are related an increase in CO2 (carbonic acid in blood) will decrease the pH
Bohr Effect
