Leys - Nutrition Flashcards
True or False
Several factors including appetite, energy expenditure, genotype, digestion/metabolism, the availability of food, customs, and the presence of the disease contribute to overall nutrition
True
______, _______, and _______ are important regulators of food intake
leptin, ghrelin, and insulin
______ circulates in the body at levels proportional to body fat
leptin
_______ signals the brain that the body has had enough to eat, or satiety
leptin
Adipose tissue produces _________ that regulate metabolic processes to meet the body’s need
adipokines
____ and _____ regulate AMP-activted kinase (AMPK) that senses _______ ______ levels
AMP and AMP/ATP
cellular energy
________ regulates rate-limiting enzymes in energy producing and using pathways
AMPK
High levels of AMPK activity ____ energy-utilizing pathways and ____ energy generating pathways
inhibit
stimulate
Increased _____ increases appetite
ghrelin
______ favors accumulation of lipids in the visceral fatty tissue
ghrelin
Estimated average requirements (EAR) for calories changes with ___ and ____; as do estimated daily protein requirements
age and sex
The ideal amount of calorie intake is a day is equal to calorie _______ for that day
utilization
Recommended daily allowance (RDA) for a nutrient is a value that is adequate for the _____ ______ of individuals; a EAR reflects the amount that is adequate for _____ the population
great majority
half
Different nutrients have different energy content; fat has the _______ energy content per weight; alcohol has a ___-_____ content
highest
high-energy
Increases in ______ are correlated with an increase in the use of _____ _____ _____ ____
obesity
high fructose corn syrup
High fructose corn syrup is made from breaking down _______ into _______ using amylase followed by a conversion to _______ with glucose _______
cornstarch
glucose
fructose
isomerase
These health problems are associated with what; mercury exposure, hypertension, elevated cholesterol, long-term liver damage, increased risk of diabetes, and weight gain/obesity
the consumption of high fructose corn syrup
These health problems are caused by what; decreased protein synthesis and glucose transport, fatty liver, liver necrosis and fibrosis, depression, hypothermia, compromised immune function and wound healing, decreased cardiac and renal function, and loss of muscle
Protein-calorie malnutrition
_______ is associated with an increased risk for these conditions; type-2 diabetes, hypertension and stroke, dyslipidemia, gall stones, respiratory disorders, musculoskeltal disorders, and several cancers including breast, endometrial, ovarian, gall bladder, and colon
obesity
A ____ isomer has the R group located on the SAME side on the double bond
cis
A _____ isomer has the R group located on OPPOSITE side on the double bond
trans
______ fatty acids are not essential and provide no benefit to human heath
trans
________ fats increases levels of ____ cholesterol
saturated
LDL (bad cholesterol)
_____ fats increses levels of ____ and it lowers levels of ____; ultimately increasing the risk of coronary heart disease
trans
LDL (bad)
HDL (good)
