STEMS Flashcards

1
Q

Plant organs which are continuations of the roots usually located above the surface of the soil.

A

STEMS

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2
Q

New plant growth

A

SHOOT

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3
Q
  • Above ground parts of plants
  • Stems originate from the epicotyl and partly from the hypocotyl of the embryo.
A

SHOOT SYSTEM

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4
Q

non woody, soft (monocot and dicot plants)

A

Herbaceous stems

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5
Q

hard and rigid (dicot plants)

A

Woody stems

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6
Q

woody only at the base.

A

Suffrutescent stems

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7
Q

— Very little or absent and thus is generally soft
— Short-lived
— Very little growth in diameter
— Smooth, thin epidermis
— Green
— stomata is Present

A

HERBACEOUS STEMS

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8
Q

— woody tissue is Present, thus are hard and thick
— Long-lived
— Increases in diameter (mainly due to production of wood & cork)
— Rough cork
— Green when young, brown when old
— stomata is Absent, but with
lenticels

A

WOODY STEMS

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9
Q

pores of outer plant tissue that provide direct exchange of gases between internal plant tissues and atmosphere

A

Lenticels

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10
Q

above the surface of soil

A

Aerial stems

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11
Q

are horizontally oriented stems that grow along the soil surface.

A

Runners (Stolons)

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12
Q

coil around objects and help support the plant.

A

Tendrils (Scramblers)

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13
Q

beneath the surface of soil

A

Underground or Subterranean stems

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14
Q

— underground, horizontal stem which
maybe swollen due to presence of stored food
— ginger, asparagus, turmeric, bamboo

A

Rhizomes

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15
Q

— short, swollen, terminal portions of an underground stems with stored food
— potato

A

Tubers

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16
Q

— very small piece of stem tissue bearing numerous fleshy leaves
— onion, garlic

A

Bulbs

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17
Q

— globose underground stems with thin, papery leaves on its surface
— gladiolus, gabi

A

Corms

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18
Q

EXTERNAL STRUCTURES of stem structure

A
  1. Nodes
  2. Internodes
  3. Leaf scar
  4. Bundle scars
  5. Lenticles
  6. Buds
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19
Q

swollen areas where leaves, branches and buds arise

A

Nodes

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20
Q

portion between two nodes

A

Internodes

21
Q

mark left on the stem by a fallen leaf

22
Q

cut ends of the vascular bundles within each leaf scar

A

Bundle scars

23
Q

raised pores seen on dicot stems

24
Q

undeveloped structures which may grow into leaves, shoots, or flowers

25
Types of Buds — Based on location and position on the stem
1. terminal or apical bud 2. lateral or axillary bud 3. accessory or supernumerary bud 4. adventitious bud
26
at the end of the stem
terminal or apical bud
27
at the upper angle formed by the leaf stalk and the stem called the leaf axil
lateral or axillary bud
28
beside and above the axillary bud
accessory or supernumerary bud
29
on other parts of the plant such as leaves, roots, or internodes
adventitious bud
30
The apical meristem show 3 distinct regions of meristematic activity:
–* Protoderm – * ground meristem – * procambium
31
One cell layer derived from the protoderm composed of cells with thick walls and covered by a layer of cutin
Epidermis
32
A middle region composed of an outer zone of collenchyma, an inner zone of parenchyma and a layer of endodermis consisting of thick walled cells
Cortex
33
An inner region composed of primary vascular tissue made up of primary xylem and primary phloem
Stele or Vascular cylinder
34
• Vascular tissues are scattered bundles of xylem and phloem, they are numerous at the periphery of the stem • Xylem and phloem NEVER form continuous cylinders of tissues- xylem on the inner side of the bundle and phloem on the outer side of the bundle • Cambium - ABSENT • Greater part of stem consists of parenchyma tissue • Vascular bundles are usually surrounded by sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells for support
Herbaceous Monocot Stem
35
are scattered bundles of xylem and phloem, they are numerous at the periphery of the stem
Vascular tissues
36
Xylem and phloem ________ form continuous cylinders of tissues- xylem on the inner side of the bundle and phloem on the outer side of the bundle
NEVER
37
Cambium on Herbaceous Monocot Stem
ABSENT
38
Greater part of stem consists of __________
parenchyma tissue
39
Vascular bundles are usually surrounded by __________________ for support
sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells
40
Derived from the vascular cambium
Secondary Vascular Tissues
41
▫ Consisting of phellem (cork), phellogen (cork cambium) and phelloderm (secondary parenchyma) ▫ Cork cambium originates from the epidermis or a layer of cells in the cortex which will give rise to the inner phelloderm and outer phellem
Periderm
42
Cross section of an old woody stem 2 distinct regions:
— Bark — Wood
43
all tissues external to the vascular cambium
Bark
44
composed of the xylem.
Wood
45
lighter, outer region which represents the newly formed xylem for the conduction of water and inorganic salts
Sapwood
46
darker, inner region and no longer able to conduct materials because its tracheary elements have been clogged with waste products
Heartwood
47
The Anatomy of a Tree Trunk
1. The bark contains all part outside of the vascular cambium including the phloem 2. The Periderm contains the cork cambium and the cork
48
PRINCIPAL OR MAIN FUNCTIONS OF STEMS
1. Provides mechanical support for leaves and other plant organs 2. Conducts water, mineral salts and manufactured food 3. Produces new living tissues