STEMS

Question 1

Plant organs which are continuations of the roots usually located above the surface of the soil.

Answer 1

STEMS

Question 2

New plant growth

Answer 2

SHOOT

Question 3

• Above ground parts of plants
• Stems originate from the epicotyl and partly from the hypocotyl of the embryo.

Answer 3

SHOOT SYSTEM

Question 4

non woody, soft (monocot and dicot plants)

Answer 4

Herbaceous stems

Question 5

hard and rigid (dicot plants)

Answer 5

Woody stems

Question 6

woody only at the base.

Answer 6

Suffrutescent stems

Question 7

— Very little or absent and thus is generally soft
— Short-lived
— Very little growth in diameter
— Smooth, thin epidermis
— Green
— stomata is Present

Answer 7

HERBACEOUS STEMS

Question 8

— woody tissue is Present, thus are hard and thick
— Long-lived
— Increases in diameter (mainly due to production of wood & cork)
— Rough cork
— Green when young, brown when old
— stomata is Absent, but with
lenticels

Answer 8

WOODY STEMS

Question 9

pores of outer plant tissue that provide direct exchange of gases between internal plant tissues and atmosphere

Answer 9

Lenticels

Question 10

above the surface of soil

Answer 10

Aerial stems

Question 11

are horizontally oriented stems that grow along the soil surface.

Answer 11

Runners (Stolons)

Question 12

coil around objects and help support the plant.

Answer 12

Tendrils (Scramblers)

Question 13

beneath the surface of soil

Answer 13

Underground or Subterranean stems

Question 14

— underground, horizontal stem which
maybe swollen due to presence of stored food
— ginger, asparagus, turmeric, bamboo

Answer 14

Rhizomes

Question 15

— short, swollen, terminal portions of an underground stems with stored food
— potato

Answer 15

Tubers

Question 16

— very small piece of stem tissue bearing numerous fleshy leaves
— onion, garlic

Answer 16

Bulbs

Question 17

— globose underground stems with thin, papery leaves on its surface
— gladiolus, gabi

Answer 17

Corms

Question 18

EXTERNAL STRUCTURES of stem structure

Answer 18

1. Nodes
2. Internodes
3. Leaf scar
4. Bundle scars
5. Lenticles
6. Buds

Question 19

swollen areas where leaves, branches and buds arise

Answer 19

Nodes

Question 20

portion between two nodes

Answer 20

Internodes

Question 21

mark left on the stem by a fallen leaf

Answer 21

Leaf scar

Question 22

cut ends of the vascular bundles within each leaf scar

Answer 22

Bundle scars

Question 23

raised pores seen on dicot stems

Answer 23

Lenticels

Question 24

undeveloped structures which may grow into leaves, shoots, or flowers

Answer 24

Buds

Question 25

Types of Buds — Based on location and position on the stem

Answer 25

1. terminal or apical bud 2. lateral or axillary bud 3. accessory or supernumerary bud 4. adventitious bud

Question 26

at the end of the stem

Answer 26

terminal or apical bud

Question 27

at the upper angle formed by the leaf stalk and the stem called the leaf axil

Answer 27

lateral or axillary bud

Question 28

beside and above the axillary bud

Answer 28

accessory or supernumerary bud

Question 29

on other parts of the plant such as leaves, roots, or internodes

Answer 29

adventitious bud

Question 30

The apical meristem show 3 distinct regions of meristematic activity:

Answer 30

–* Protoderm – * ground meristem – * procambium

Question 31

One cell layer derived from the protoderm composed of cells with thick walls and covered by a layer of cutin

Answer 31

Epidermis

Question 32

A middle region composed of an outer zone of collenchyma, an inner zone of parenchyma and a layer of endodermis consisting of thick walled cells

Answer 32

Cortex

Question 33

An inner region composed of primary vascular tissue made up of primary xylem and primary phloem

Answer 33

Stele or Vascular cylinder

Question 34

• Vascular tissues are scattered bundles of xylem and phloem, they are numerous at the periphery of the stem • Xylem and phloem NEVER form continuous cylinders of tissues- xylem on the inner side of the bundle and phloem on the outer side of the bundle • Cambium - ABSENT • Greater part of stem consists of parenchyma tissue • Vascular bundles are usually surrounded by sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells for support

Answer 34

Herbaceous Monocot Stem

Question 35

are scattered bundles of xylem and phloem, they are numerous at the periphery of the stem

Answer 35

Vascular tissues

Question 36

Xylem and phloem ________ form continuous cylinders of tissues- xylem on the inner side of the bundle and phloem on the outer side of the bundle

Answer 36

NEVER

Question 37

Cambium on Herbaceous Monocot Stem

Answer 37

ABSENT

Question 38

Greater part of stem consists of __________

Answer 38

parenchyma tissue

Question 39

Vascular bundles are usually surrounded by __________________ for support

Answer 39

sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells

Question 40

Derived from the vascular cambium

Answer 40

Secondary Vascular Tissues

Question 41

▫ Consisting of phellem (cork), phellogen (cork cambium) and phelloderm (secondary parenchyma) ▫ Cork cambium originates from the epidermis or a layer of cells in the cortex which will give rise to the inner phelloderm and outer phellem

Answer 41

Periderm

Question 42

Cross section of an old woody stem 2 distinct regions:

Answer 42

— Bark — Wood

Question 43

all tissues external to the vascular cambium

Answer 43

Bark

Question 44

composed of the xylem.

Answer 44

Wood

Question 45

lighter, outer region which represents the newly formed xylem for the conduction of water and inorganic salts

Answer 45

Sapwood

Question 46

darker, inner region and no longer able to conduct materials because its tracheary elements have been clogged with waste products

Answer 46

Heartwood

Question 47

The Anatomy of a Tree Trunk

Answer 47

1. The bark contains all part outside of the vascular cambium including the phloem 2. The Periderm contains the cork cambium and the cork

Question 48

PRINCIPAL OR MAIN FUNCTIONS OF STEMS

Answer 48

1. Provides mechanical support for leaves and other plant organs 2. Conducts water, mineral salts and manufactured food 3. Produces new living tissues