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BOTAX > STEMS > Flashcards

STEMS Flashcards

1
Q

Plant organs which are continuations of the roots usually located above the surface of the soil.

A

STEMS

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2
Q

New plant growth

A

SHOOT

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3
Q
  • Above ground parts of plants
  • Stems originate from the epicotyl and partly from the hypocotyl of the embryo.
A

SHOOT SYSTEM

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4
Q

non woody, soft (monocot and dicot plants)

A

Herbaceous stems

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5
Q

hard and rigid (dicot plants)

A

Woody stems

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6
Q

woody only at the base.

A

Suffrutescent stems

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7
Q

— Very little or absent and thus is generally soft
— Short-lived
— Very little growth in diameter
— Smooth, thin epidermis
— Green
— stomata is Present

A

HERBACEOUS STEMS

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8
Q

— woody tissue is Present, thus are hard and thick
— Long-lived
— Increases in diameter (mainly due to production of wood & cork)
— Rough cork
— Green when young, brown when old
— stomata is Absent, but with
lenticels

A

WOODY STEMS

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9
Q

pores of outer plant tissue that provide direct exchange of gases between internal plant tissues and atmosphere

A

Lenticels

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10
Q

above the surface of soil

A

Aerial stems

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11
Q

are horizontally oriented stems that grow along the soil surface.

A

Runners (Stolons)

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12
Q

coil around objects and help support the plant.

A

Tendrils (Scramblers)

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13
Q

beneath the surface of soil

A

Underground or Subterranean stems

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14
Q

— underground, horizontal stem which
maybe swollen due to presence of stored food
— ginger, asparagus, turmeric, bamboo

A

Rhizomes

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15
Q

— short, swollen, terminal portions of an underground stems with stored food
— potato

A

Tubers

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16
Q

— very small piece of stem tissue bearing numerous fleshy leaves
— onion, garlic

A

Bulbs

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17
Q

— globose underground stems with thin, papery leaves on its surface
— gladiolus, gabi

A

Corms

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18
Q

EXTERNAL STRUCTURES of stem structure

A
  1. Nodes
  2. Internodes
  3. Leaf scar
  4. Bundle scars
  5. Lenticles
  6. Buds
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19
Q

swollen areas where leaves, branches and buds arise

A

Nodes

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20
Q

portion between two nodes

A

Internodes

21
Q

mark left on the stem by a fallen leaf

A

Leaf scar

22
Q

cut ends of the vascular bundles within each leaf scar

A

Bundle scars

23
Q

raised pores seen on dicot stems

A

Lenticels

24
Q

undeveloped structures which may grow into leaves, shoots, or flowers

A

Buds

25
Q

Types of Buds
— Based on location and position on the stem

A
  1. terminal or apical bud
  2. lateral or axillary bud
  3. accessory or supernumerary bud
  4. adventitious bud
26
Q

at the end of the stem

A

terminal or apical bud

27
Q

at the upper angle formed by the leaf stalk and the stem called the leaf axil

A

lateral or axillary bud

28
Q

beside and above the axillary bud

A

accessory or supernumerary bud

29
Q

on other parts of the plant such as leaves, roots, or internodes

A

adventitious bud

30
Q

The apical meristem show 3 distinct regions of
meristematic activity:

A

–* Protoderm –
* ground meristem –
* procambium

31
Q

One cell layer derived from the protoderm composed of cells with thick walls and covered by a layer of cutin

A

Epidermis

32
Q

A middle region composed of an outer zone of collenchyma, an inner zone of parenchyma and a layer of endodermis consisting of thick walled cells

A

Cortex

33
Q

An inner region composed of primary vascular tissue made up of primary xylem and primary phloem

A

Stele or Vascular cylinder

34
Q

• Vascular tissues are scattered bundles of xylem and phloem, they are numerous at the periphery of the stem
• Xylem and phloem NEVER form continuous cylinders of tissues- xylem on the inner side of the bundle and phloem on the outer side of the bundle
• Cambium - ABSENT
• Greater part of stem consists of parenchyma
tissue
• Vascular bundles are usually surrounded by sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells for support

A

Herbaceous Monocot Stem

35
Q

are scattered bundles of xylem and phloem, they are numerous at the periphery of the stem

A

Vascular tissues

36
Q

Xylem and phloem ________ form continuous cylinders of tissues- xylem on the inner side of the bundle and phloem on the outer side of the bundle

A

NEVER

37
Q

Cambium on Herbaceous Monocot Stem

A

ABSENT

38
Q

Greater part of stem consists of __________

A

parenchyma tissue

39
Q

Vascular bundles are usually surrounded by __________________ for support

A

sclerenchyma and collenchyma cells

40
Q

Derived from the vascular cambium

A

Secondary Vascular Tissues

41
Q

▫ Consisting of phellem (cork), phellogen (cork cambium) and phelloderm (secondary parenchyma)
▫ Cork cambium originates from the epidermis or a layer of cells in the cortex which will give rise to the inner phelloderm and outer phellem

A

Periderm

42
Q

Cross section of an old woody stem 2 distinct regions:

A

— Bark
— Wood

43
Q

all tissues external to the vascular cambium

A

Bark

44
Q

composed of the xylem.

A

Wood

45
Q

lighter, outer region which represents the newly formed xylem for the conduction of water and inorganic salts

A

Sapwood

46
Q

darker, inner region and no longer able to conduct materials because its tracheary elements have been clogged with waste products

A

Heartwood

47
Q

The Anatomy of a Tree Trunk

A
  1. The bark contains all part outside of the vascular
    cambium including the phloem
  2. The Periderm contains the cork cambium and the cork
48
Q

PRINCIPAL OR MAIN FUNCTIONS OF STEMS

A
  1. Provides mechanical support for leaves and
    other plant organs
  2. Conducts water, mineral salts and manufactured food
  3. Produces new living tissues

BOTAX (13 decks)

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