Leaves Flashcards
1
Q
Chlorenchyma, flat thin leaf
A
Photosynthesis
2
Q
process by which plant
loses water to serve the following purposes:
a. Continuous uptake of water
b. Cooling effects
c. Controls degree of saturation of
cell with water
A
Transpiration
3
Q
Uses of Leaves
A
Insecticides
Waxes
Aromatic Oils
Medical uses
4
Q
Rotenone
Citronella
A
Insecticides
5
Q
Citronella sn
A
Cimbopogon citratus
6
Q
Carnauba
A
Waxes
7
Q
Carnauba sn
A
Copernicia prunifera
8
Q
Aloe (Mild Topical Anesthetic)
A
Medical uses
9
Q
Economic uses of Leaves
A
Food
Herbs
Beverages
Drug uses
10
Q
The ______________are among the most nutritious of foods
A
leafy greens
11
Q
The _________ is a popular herb family
A
mint family
12
Q
Teas
A
Beverages
13
Q
Tobacco
Marijuana
Cocaine
A
Drug uses
14
Q
Cocaine sn
A
Erothroxylum coca
15
Q
Warfarin
A
Anti-coagolant
16
Q
ginkgo
A
Anticoagulant
17
Q
duhat
A
Antibacterial
18
Q
Duhat sn
A
Syzygium cumini
19
Q
marigold
A
Antifungal
20
Q
marigold sn
A
Tagetes erecta
21
Q
flat, light harvesting portion
A
Lamina/ leaf blade
22
Q
holds blade out into the light
A
Petiole/stalk
23
Q
with petiole
A
Petiolate
24
Q
without petiole
A
Sessile/ Exstipulate
25
Monocot _________ and_________
leaf sheath, ligules
26
Dicot leaf with ___________ ( protect shoot apical meristem while leaf is young)
stipules
27
bundles of vascular tissue; distribute water from stem into leaf & collect sugar produced and carry them to the stem
Veins
28
leaf edge
Margin
29
outer end of leaf lamina; opposite the petiole
Apex
30
Leaf Classification
1. Nature of the blade
2. Phyllotaxy
3. Venation pattern
4. Leaf margin
5. Leaf apex
31
Nature of the blade
a. Simple
b. Compound
32
with one blade only
Simple
33
with a blade divided into leaflets or pinnae or pinnule
Compound
34
Compound leaf
Palmately
Pinnately
35
Shapes
Lanceolate
Oval
Cordate (heart-shaped)
Triangular
36
Leaflets attach individual to rachis by petiolule
Pinnately compound
37
Leaflets attach to same petiole
Palmately compound
38
Simple Pinnately compound
Even pinnate
Odd pinnate
39
ex. of even pinnate
Ceratonia
40
ex. of odd pinnate
Robinia
41
ex. of Bipinnately Compound Leaf
Albizzia, Acacia, & Jacaranda
42
Primary leaflet
Compound leaflet
43
Secondary leaflet
Pinnule or pinnula
44
a compound leaf having three order of rachises:
primary rachis
secondary rachis
tertiary rachis
Tripinnately Compound Leaf
45
leaflets are attached to the end of the petiole
Palmately compound leaves
46
Types of palmately compound leaves
a. Bifoliate
b. Trifoliate
c. Quadri/tetrafoliate
d. Pentafoliate
47
two leaflets
Bifoliate
48
three leaflets
Trifoliate
49
four leaflets
Quadri/tetrafoliate
50
with 5 or more leaflets
Pentafoliate
51
ex. of pinnately trifoliate
Toxicondendron (poison oak)
52
ex. of palmately trifoliate
Rhus trilobata (basket bush)
53
arrangement of leaves on the stem
Phyllotaxy
54
Types of Phyllotaxy
Alternate
Spiral or helical (variation of alternate)
Decussate (variation of opposite)
Opposite
Whorled
55
One leaf per node
Alternate
56
Two leaves opposite at one node
Opposite
57
Three or more leaves around a node
Whorled
58
arrangement of veins on the blade
Venation
59
Netted venation
Dicot
60
Parallel venation
Monocot
61
Types of parallel venation
Parallel to the midrib
Palmately parallel
Acute angle to the midrib
Perpendicular to the midrib
62
Three types of netted venation pattern
Pinnately netted
Radiately netted
Palmately netted
63
Veins arise from the midrib
Pinnately netted
64
Principal veins arise from the center of the blade
Radiately netted
65
Principal veins arise from the base of the blade
Palmately netted
66
leaf edge
Margin
67
the tip or protruding part of the leaf.
Leaf apex
68
The apex is narrow and pointed
ex. Mango
Acute
69
The apex is rounded.
Ex. Banyan
Obtuse
70
The apex is drawn out into a long tapering tail.
Ex. Ficus religiosa
Acuminate
71
Round apex with sharp pointed tip.
Ex. Vinca
Mucronate
72
The apex is spinous.
Ex. Date palm
Cuspidate
73
The apex form a tendril.
Ex. Gloriosa
Tendrillar
74
The mucronate like apex ends with one thread like structure.
Ex. Banana
Cirrhose
75
The shape is abruptly cut across.
Ex. Paris polyphylla
Truncate
76
The obtuse apex is slightly notched.
Ex. Pistia
Retuse
77
The obtuse apex is deeply notched.
Ex. Baukinia, Oxalis
Emarginate
78
— with cutin
— flat epidermal cells, with guard cells, trichomes
— high # stomata in lower epidermis
— trichomes (glandular or non- glandular) - prevents rapid air movement, prevent water loss, fr somata; protection
Epidermis
79
kidney-shaped, chlorophyllous epidermal cells
Guard cells
80
areas where epidermis is depressed into the leaf; filled w/ trichomes & stomata, at lower surface of leaf, decrease air movement near stomata
Stomatal crypts
81
Ground tissues interior to the leaf epidermis
Mesophyll
82
Parts of Mesophyll
— Palisade parenchyma
— Spongy mesophyll
83
— Uppermost, main photosynthetic tissue
— 1 layer thick, cells are separated, inc exposure to CO2
Palisade parenchyma
84
Open, loose aerenchyma, permits CO2 to diffuse rapidly fr stomata into all parts of leaf
Spongy mesophyll
85
Between palisade and spongy mesophyll
Vascular Tissue
86
Large midrib (midvein) from w/c lateral veins emerge (both contains 1* xylem on upper side & 1* phloem on lower side)
Dicot
87
Important in releasing water from xylem and loading sugar into phloem
Minor veins
88
fibers arranged as a sheath around the vascular tissue
Bundle sheath
89
mass of fibers above or below (or both) the veins
Bundle sheath extension
90
gives rigidity and additional means by which water moves from the bundle out to the mesophyll.
Fibers
91
Serves as transition between the stem and the leaf blade
Petiole
92
similar to that on the lamina but often contains fewer stomata and trichomes
Epidermis
93
may bears two small flaps of tissue at its base called
stipules
94
vascular bundles w/c exit the stem and diverge to the petiole
Leaf traces
95
detachment area of leaves from the stem; releases enzymes w/c weaken their walls
Abscission zone
96
leaf aging due to breakdown of chlorophyll, sugars and loss of photosynthetic ability
Senescence
97
protective scar tissue across wound after leaf fall
Leaf scar
98
— thick and fleshy, reduced surface ratio
— with water storage parenchyma
— mesophyll have few intercellular spaces = decrease evaporate surface area = transparent
Ex. Crassulaceae, Portulacaceae, Aizoaceae; kataka-taka, Aloe Vera
Succulent Leaves
99
spherical succulent leaves
Senecio
100
pair of succulent leaves
Dinteranthus
101
pair of translucent leaves acting as optical fiber, allows light to enter, even leaves are under ground
Lithops
102
mesophyll have few intercellular spaces =
decrease evaporate surface area = transparent
103
— Thick sclerenchyma = resistant to animals, fungi, freezing temp and UV
— Very thick cuticle
— Lives for 2 or more years
Sclerophyllous Foliage
104
resistant to animals, fungi, freezing temp and UV
Thick sclerenchyma
105
leaves
Sclerophylls
106
Example of Sclerophyllous Foliage
Agave
Yucca
Barberry
107
— Contains cells that can other objects
— side facing the object stop growing, then, the other side elongate- coil
— no lamina
— support
— ex. Watermelon, melon, squash
Tendrils
108
Pea plant
Squash plant
Tendrils
109
digest insects and obtain nitrogen for their amino acid and nucleotides
Insect Traps
110
incapable of movement
(ex. Pitcher plant that has tubular lamina that secretes water digestive fluid)
Passive trap
111
leaf blade curl (ex. Sundew that has glandular trichomes that secretes a sticky digestive fluid) or close (ex. Venus flytrap that has motor cells, margins with interdigitating teeth and short glands that secrete digestive fluid)
Active trap
112
Example of Insect Traps
Nepenthes
Drosera
Dionaea muscipula
113
pitcher plant
Nepenthes
114
Sundew
Drosera
115
Venus’ flytrap
Dionaea muscipula
116
— leaves are sclerophylls
— extremely thick cuticle and the cells of epidermis have thick walls
— forms:
* Needles- occur in all pines, firs, and spruces
* Scale-like - Agathis, Araucaria, and Podocarpus
Leaves of Conifers
117
occur in all pines, firs, and spruces
Needles
118
Agathis,
Araucaria, and
Podocarpus
Scale - like
119
Needles of lodgepole pine
Pinus contorta
120
Scale-like leaves of incense cedar
Libocedrus
121
— One of the most common modification of leaves
— Forms to protect dormant shoot apical meristems by forming a tight layer around the stem tip
— small and rarely compound
— petiole is either short or absent
— frequently produce a thin layer of corky bark
Bud Scales
122
Forms to _______________ by forming a tight layer around the stem tip
protect dormant shoot apical meristems
123
— Protection against herbivores
— No blade and needle
— No mesophyll parenchyma nor vascular tissue
— Mesophyll consists of closely packed fibers
— Fibers, once mature, deposit lignin in their
walls = hard and resistant to decay
— Photosynthesis happens in stem cortex
Spines
124
spines are axillary buds of small leaves
Cactus
125
spines are stipules
Colitis
126
produce plantlets
Adventitious Buds/ Reproductive Leaves
127
with plantlets along the leaf margin
Kalanchoe
128
reproduce by leaf cutting
Sansiviera
129
for attraction
Colored Leaves
130
Example of Colored Leaves
Poinsettia
Mussaenda
Bougainvillea
Anthurium
131
colored spathe
Anthurium
132
Aerenchymatous leaf base for buoyancy and support
Floats
133
aerenchymatous enlarged leaf base
Water hyacinth
134
— Supporting leaf bases
— for support
Pseudotrunks
135
Ex. Of Pseudotrunks
Banana
136
Banana sn
Musa acuminata
137
display “thigmonasty” or sensitivity to touch for protection
Motile Leaves
138
tropic response to touch
Thigmotropic response
139
Ex. Of Motile Leaves
Makahiya
140
for added photosynthesis
Expanded leaf-like petiole or stipule
141
Ex. Of Expanded leaf-like petiole or stipule
Suha leaf
Rose leaf
142
Pomelo sn
Citrus maxima
143
Calamansi sn
Citrus microcarpa
144
Lemon sn
Citrus limon
145
prevents rapid air movement, prevents water loss fr stomata; protection
Trichomes (glandular or non- glandular)
