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roots Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Anchoring the plant firmly to a substrate (soil)
  2. Absorption of water and minerals
  3. Production of hormones.
    • shoot growth and development depend on the hormones cytokinin and gibberellin
A

Main Functions of Roots

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2
Q

shoot growth and development depend on the hormones __________ and ______________

A

cytokinin, gibberellin

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3
Q

cytokinin and gibberellin

A

Shoot system

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4
Q

3 main tissues

A

Dermal
Ground
Vascular

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5
Q

• Carbohydrate storage - Fleshy taproots (i.e. carrots, beets, radishes)
• Protection – in Crysophila and Mauritia, roots grow out of the trunk and harden into sharp spines
• Vegetative reproduction – roots spread horizontally and produce shoot buds (i.e. willows, sorrel)
• Parasitic roots - modified roots attack other plants and draw water and nutrients out of them (i.e. mistletoe, dodder)

A

Additional / Specialized Function

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6
Q

Fleshy taproots (i.e. carrots, beets, radishes)

A

Carbohydrate storage

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7
Q

SN of carrots

A

Daucus carota

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8
Q

SN of beets

A

Beta vulgaris

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9
Q

SN of radishes

A

Raphanus satidus

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10
Q

in Crysophila and Mauritia, roots grow out of the trunk and harden into sharp spines

A

Protection

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11
Q

roots spread horizontally and produce shoot buds (i.e. willows, sorrel)

A

Vegetative reproduction

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12
Q

modified roots attack other plants and draw water and nutrients out of them (i.e. mistletoe, dodder)

A

Parasitic roots

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13
Q

Three types of root system:

A
  1. TapRoot
  2. FibrousRoot
  3. Adventitious
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14
Q

• single prominent root (tap root) that is much larger than all the rest and numerous small roots (lateral roots or branch roots) coming out of it

A

Tap Root

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15
Q

Derived from the radicle (embryonic root)

A

Tap Root

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16
Q

Derived from the radicle (embryonic root)

A

Tap Root

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17
Q

Anchorage

A

Tap Root

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18
Q

Common in dicot and gymnosperm

A

Tap Root

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19
Q

perennial and woody plants: roots undergo secondary growth

A

Tap Root

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20
Q

perennial and woody plants: roots undergo secondary growth

A

Tap Root

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21
Q

carrots, beets, radish, turnips

A

Fleshy taproots

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22
Q

turnips sn

A

Brassica rapa

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23
Q

sweet potatoes, cassava

A

Swollen lateral roots

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24
Q

SN of sweet potatoes

A

Ipomoea batatas

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25
Q

SN of cassava

A

Manihot esculenta

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26
Q

taproot is about the carrot same size as the laterals

A

Sunflower

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27
Q

SN of Sunflower

A

Helianthus annuus

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28
Q

mass of many similarly sized, delicate and hair-like roots

A

Fibrous Root

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29
Q

no prominent enlarged primary root

A

Fibrous Root

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30
Q

Produced after death of radicle

A

Fibrous Root

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31
Q

Derived from the root primordia found at the end of radicle

A

Fibrous Root

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32
Q

Common in monocots and some dicots

A

Fibrous Root

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33
Q

Absorption

A

Fibrous Root

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34
Q

• mass of many similarly sized, delicate and hair-like roots
• no prominent enlarged primary root
• Produced after death of radicle
• Derived from the root primordia found at the end of radicle
• Common in monocots and some dicots
• Absorption

A

Fibrous Root

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35
Q

• Do not arise from pre-existing roots
• Present in monocot and dicot

  • brace root - arise from main trunk stem
  • prop root - arise from the lateral
    branches of the main stem.
A

Adventitious Root

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36
Q

Do not arise from pre-existing roots

A

Adventitious Root

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37
Q

Present in monocot and dicot

A

Adventitious Root

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38
Q

arise from main trunk stem

A

brace root

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39
Q

arise from the lateral branches of the main stem

A

prop root

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40
Q

Secondary growth = ↑ quantity of healthy, functional wood (xylem) in the roots = ↑ no. of leaves and fine absorptive roots

A

Dicot Roots

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41
Q

secondary xylem and phloem

A

Dicot Roots

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42
Q

No secondary growth = stem of an older plant is not wider than young plant, no ↑ conducting capacity, no more leaves or roots than young plant

A

Monocot Roots

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43
Q

no secondary xylem and phloem

A

Monocot Roots

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44
Q

• Stolons or rhizomes = ↑ size

A

Monocot Roots

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45
Q

Stolons

A

horizontal stem above the ground

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46
Q

rhizomes

A

horizontal stem below the ground

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47
Q

horizontal shoots branch and then produce adventitious roots

A

Monocot Roots

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48
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A

Monocot Roots

49
Q

the growing portion protected by root cap; push through the soil

A

Root tip

50
Q

Thick layer of cells that protects root apical meristem (root tip); constantly being worn away and renewed

A

Root cap

51
Q

complex polysaccharide secreted by dictyosomes of root cap for lubrication

A

Mucigel (Slime)

52
Q

• found behind the root cap
and root apical meristem
• few mm long
• where cells undergo division
and expansion

A

Zone of elongation

53
Q

• single celled extension of
epidermal cells which
increase absorptive area
• no line of demarcation in the
epidermal cells
• transitory(die within 4-5 days)
• form only in a part of the
root that is not elongating

A

Root hairs

54
Q

• Cells are meristematic (cell division with transverse walls & forming files of cells that are pushed forward)
• As cells are pushed forward, they develop dense starch grains and their endoplasmic reticulum becomes displaced to the forward end of the cell = detects gravity because the starch grains settle to the lower side of the cell

A

Root Cap

55
Q

Cells are meristematic (cell division with transverse walls & forming files of cells that are pushed forward)

A

Root Cap

56
Q

As cells are pushed forward, they develop dense starch grains and their endoplasmic reticulum becomes displaced to the forward end of the cell = detects gravity because the starch grains settle to the lower side of the cell

A

Root Cap

57
Q

• more orderly than the shoot because it experiences no disruptions
• Quiescent center - mitotically inactive central region
— cells are more resistant to various types of harmful agents such as radiation and toxic chemicals
— Serves as reserve of healthy cells

A

Root Apical Meristem

58
Q

more orderly than the shoot because it experiences no disruptions

A

Root Apical Meristem

59
Q

mitotically inactive central region

A

Quiescent center

60
Q

Becomes active when root apical meristem or root cap is damaged and forms new ________

A

apical meristem

61
Q

Once the new meristem is established, its central cells become inactive, forming a new _____________

A

quiescent center

62
Q

the region where the cells expand greatly; some meristematic, but mostly enlarging

A

Zone of Elongation

63
Q

outermost; forms epidermis (dermal region)

A

Protoderm

64
Q

at center; forms primary xylem/ phloem then metaxylem/ metaphloem (Stele/ vascular region)

A

Provascular tissue

65
Q

between protoderm and provascular tissue; Parenchyma cells that form root cortex

A

Ground tissue

66
Q

• Root hairs grow outward
• zone of elongation merges gradually with the zone of maturation

A

Zone of Maturation

67
Q

transfer of minerals from the epidermis to the vascular tissue

A

Cortex

68
Q

diffusion through the walls and intercellular spaces

A

apoplastic transport

69
Q

absorption into the cytoplasm of a cortical cell and then transfer from cell to cell through plasmodesmata

A

symplastic transport

70
Q

1 – apoplastic
2 – apoplastic + symplastic
3 – symplastic

A

Cortex

71
Q

Minerals do not have free access to the vascular tissues because the innermost layer of cortical cells differentiates into a cylinder called the ________

A

endodermis

72
Q

• Controls the passage of minerals across the vascular tissues
• Consist of thick-walled cells (encrusted with suberin and lignin); diffusion is inhibited

A

Endodermis

73
Q

• bands of lignin and suberin on the radial walls (top, bottom and side walls) causing the cell walls to be water proof
• Impermeable
• minerals can cross the endodermis only if the endodermal protoplasts absorb them, then secrete them into the vascular tissues

A

Casparian strip

74
Q

1 – apoplastic (no apoplastic across the endodermis)
2 – apoplastic + symplastic
3 – symplastic

A

Casparian strip

75
Q

Internal anatomy of young dicot root shows three general sections:

A
  1. Dermal region
  2. Cortex
  3. Stele or vascular cylinder
76
Q

epidermis with root hairs

A

Dermal region

77
Q

outer collenchyma
middle parenchyma
inner endodermis

A

Cortex

78
Q

xylem forms a solid mass in the center, surrounded by strands of phloem; no pith

A

Dicot

79
Q

strands of xylem and phloem are distributed in ground tissue

A

Monocot

80
Q

inner wide cells

A

Metaxylem

81
Q

outer narrow cells

A

Protoxylem

82
Q

Two to four or more groups of protoxylem may be present (larger roots = ↑ no.)

A

Dicot ( Triarch, Tetrarch, Pentarch )

83
Q

many xylem poles

A

Polyarch

84
Q

strands of xylem and phloem surrounding a parenchymatous pith

A

Siphonostele

85
Q

most dicots

A

Vascular Tissue

86
Q

found on the outer side

A

Protophloem

87
Q

found on the inner side

A

Metaphloem

88
Q

• Found between the vascular tissue and the endodermis
• parenchyma cells that constitute an irregular region
• Where growth of lateral roots are initiated

A

Pericycle

89
Q

• Initiated by cell divisions in the pericycle
• Localized cells remains mitotically active creating a small root primordium that become a root apical meristem and pushes outward
• As it pushes outward, the new lateral root destroys the cells of the cortex and epidermis that lie in its path, ultimately breaking the endodermis.
• Then, formation of a root cap, first protoxylem and protophloem elements connected to the vascular tissues of the parent root.

A

Origin Development of Lateral Roots

90
Q

Old dicot root shows two distinct regions:

A
  1. Region of secondary vascular
  2. Region of periderm layers
91
Q

Region of secondary vascular tissues which include the

A

a. secondary phloem
b. vascular cambium
c. secondary xylem

92
Q

Region of periderm layers:

A

a. phellem (cork)
b. phellogen (cork cambium)
c. phelloderm (cork parenchyma)

93
Q

provide long-term storage for carbohydrates that accumulate during summer photosynthesis

A

Storage Roots

94
Q

carrots, ube, radish, turnips

A

Fleshy taproots

95
Q

SN of ube

A

Discorea alata

96
Q

• Adventitious roots from stems
• Pandanus (screwpine), Ficus (Banyan trees)

A

Prop roots

97
Q

in corn plant – for additional support and absorption

A

Brace roots

98
Q

water retention; in aerial roots of orchids

A

Velamen

99
Q

dead cells, white; acts as
water proof barrier

A

Velamen

100
Q

Chlorophyllous roots

A

Photosynthesis

101
Q

Movement; of bulbs like onions, gladiolus, garlic

A

Contractile roots

102
Q

due to change in shape of cortical cells

A

Contraction

103
Q

for absorption

A

Parasitic (haustorial roots)

104
Q

diffuse root system
i.e Tristerix

A

Haustorium

105
Q

tall, plate-like, expanded roots for great support

A

Buttresses

106
Q

breathing roots of mangrove for aeration

A

Pneumatophores

107
Q

With lenticels and aerenchyma for diffusion of Oxygen

A

Pneumatophores

108
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

Root nodules

109
Q

chemical conversion of atmospheric nitrogen into usable forms. Ex. ammonia, nitrates

A

nitrogen fixation

110
Q

bacteria, fill host cells with bacteroids w/c convert N2 to nitrogenous compds

A

Rhizobium

111
Q

formed by mitosis of cortical cells

A

Root nodules

112
Q

Spiny roots of tugue

A

Protection

113
Q

• Birds deposit seeds on the branch of a host tree
• When the seed germinates, the roots cling to the bark of the host tree, grow, hugging the host tree until it reach the soil.

A

Strangler Figs

114
Q

association between a soil fungus (fungal hyphae) and roots

A

Mycorrhizae

115
Q

Plant can absorb ________ effectively through mycorrhizae than roots hairs

A

phosphorus

116
Q

small structure formed by fungi; filled with P

A

Arbuscule

117
Q

hyphae penetrate between the outermost root cortex cells but never invade the cells

A

ectomycorrhizal relationship

118
Q

hyphae penetrate the root cortex as far as the endodermis; but cannot pass the Casparian strip

A

endomycorrhizal

BOTAX (13 decks)

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