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BOTAX > Flowers, Seeds and Fruits > Flashcards

Flowers, Seeds and Fruits Flashcards

1
Q

flower stalk

A

Pedicel

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2
Q

swollen tip of the pedicel where other flower parts are attached

A

Receptacle

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3
Q

4 Floral Appendages:

A
  1. Sepal
  2. Petal
  3. Stamen
  4. Carpel
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4
Q

• Lowermost, outermost, thickest, toughest, waxiest
• Protects the flower buds
• Surrounds and encloses other flower parts

A

Sepal

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5
Q

colorful sepals

A

Petaloid

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6
Q

Sepals of a flower

A

Calyx

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7
Q

• Most noticeable portion
• Different colors dues to different pigments
• Attracts the “correct” pollinators

A

Petal

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8
Q

petals of a flower

A

Corolla

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9
Q

Calyx + Corolla

A

Perianth

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10
Q

“male” part

A

Stamen (Androecium)

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11
Q

•2 parts of Stamen (Androecium):

A
  • Filament
  • Anther
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12
Q

stalk

A

Filament

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13
Q

where the pollen is produced

A

Anther

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14
Q

• has four columns of tissue which become distinct as some cells enlarge = microsporocyte (“microspore mother cell”)
• Microsporocyte undergoes meiosis forming 4 microspores
• Tapetum – layer that contains nurse cells which contributes
to microspore development and maturation
• Microspores initially remain as tetrads but later on separate and forms a resistant wall = pollen
• “dehiscence” – opening of the anther to release the pollen

A

Anther

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15
Q

“microspore mother cell”

A

microsporocyte

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16
Q

Microsporocyte undergoes __________ forming _______

A

meiosis, 4 microspores

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17
Q

layer that contains nurse cells which contributes
to microspore development and maturation

A

Tapetum

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18
Q

Microspores initially remain as tetrads but later on separate and forms a resistant wall

A

pollen

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19
Q

opening of the anther to release the pollen

A

dehiscence

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20
Q

• Intine
— inner layer composed of cellulose
• Extine
— outer layer composed of sporopollenin (waterproof and
chemical-resistant)
— Has germination pores
— may have ridges, spines, bumps, etc. making a pollen distinct

A

Pollen Grain Wall

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21
Q

inner layer composed of cellulose

A

Intine

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22
Q

— outer layer composed of sporopollenin (waterproof and
chemical-resistant)
— Has germination pores
— may have ridges, spines, bumps, etc. making a pollen distinct

A

Extine

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23
Q

waterproof and
chemical-resistant

A

sporopollenin

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24
Q

• 3 parts:
— Stigma: catches the pollen grain
— Style: tube-like structure that elevates the stigma
— Ovary: where megaspores are produced

• Pistil – carpels fused together into a single compound structure

A

Carpel (Gynoecium)

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25
Q

3 parts of Carpel (Gynoecium):

A
  • Stigma
  • Style
  • Ovary
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26
Q

catches the pollen grain

A

Stigma

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27
Q

tube-like structure that elevates the stigma

A

Style

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28
Q

where megaspores are produced

A

Ovary

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29
Q

carpels fused together into a single compound structure

A

Pistil

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30
Q

Parts of ovary

A

• Ovary wall
• Placenta
• Ovules

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31
Q

outer layer of ovary

A

Ovary wall

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32
Q

regions of tissue that bears the ovules

A

Placenta

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33
Q

small stalk that carries water and nutrients from
the placenta to the ovule

A

Funiculus

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34
Q

central mass of parenchyma

A

Nucellus

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35
Q

2 thin sheets of cells that cover almost all nucellus surface

A

Integuments

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36
Q

Small hole at the top

A

Micropyle

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37
Q

megaspore mother cells

A

megasporocyte

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38
Q

Megasporocyte undergoes_________ forming __________

A

meiosis, 4 megaspores

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39
Q

Microgametophyte

A

— Male
— all flowering plants

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40
Q

Megagametophyte

A

— female
— polygonum type

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41
Q

Floral variations

A
  1. Parts present
  2. Sexuality
  3. Fusion of flower parts
  4. Number of flower parts
  5. Nature of flowers
  6. Symmetry of flowers
  7. Position of the ovary
  8. Placentation
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42
Q

Parts present

A

a. Complete
b. Incomplete

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43
Q

flowers with four modified leaves (petal, sepal, stamen and carpel)

A

Complete

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44
Q

lacks any of the modified leaves
Ex. Willow flower –lacks sepal, petals

A

Incomplete

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45
Q

Sexuality

A

a. Perfect
b. Imperfect

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46
Q
  • bisexual or hermaproditic
  • has both carpel and stamen
  • animal pollinated
A

Perfect

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47
Q
  • unisexual
  • only has either carpel or stamen
  • wind pollinated
    Ex. papaya
A

Imperfect

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48
Q

2 types of imperfect flower

A
  1. pistillate
  2. staminate
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49
Q

female flower

A

pistillate

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50
Q

male flower

A

staminate

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51
Q

As to distribution of imperfect flowers, plant species can be:

A
  1. monoecious
  2. dioecious
  3. polygamous
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52
Q
  • plant with both imperfect flowers
    e.g. corn

Male – tassel
Female- ears of corn

A

Monoecious

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53
Q
  • imperfect flowers are borne in separate plants

Ex. Marijuana
Dates, willow
Papaya

A

Dioecious

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54
Q

adaptation w/c ensures cross pollination; 1 plant can’t fertilize its own

A

Dioecy

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55
Q

perfect and imperfect flowers are found in the same plant
Ex. Acer rubrum (red maple)

A

Polygamous

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56
Q

Fusion of flower parts

A

a. Connation
b. Adnation

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57
Q
  • parts of a single whorl of modified leaves are fused together
A

Connation

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58
Q

one whorl of modified leaves is fused with another whorl

A

Adnation

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59
Q

adnation of corolla, calyx and stamen

A

Hypanthium

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60
Q

Number of flower parts

A

a. Dicotyledonous
b. Monocotyledonous

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61
Q
  • flower parts in 4’s and 5’s or divisible by 4 or 5
    ex. magnolia
A

Dicotyledonous

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62
Q

flower parts are in 3’s or divisible by 3’s

A

Monocotyledonous

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63
Q

Nature of flowers

A

a. Regular
b. Irregular

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64
Q

petals are of the same size and shape

A

Regular

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65
Q

petals are different in size and shape

A

Irregular

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66
Q

Irregular Flowers:

A
  1. Papilionaceous
  2. Caesalpinaceous
  3. Bilabiate
  4. Orchidaceous
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67
Q

Papilionaceous
ex. Broom (Cytisus scoparius)

A

a. standard/banner
b. wings or alae
c. keel or carina

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68
Q

largest outermost showy petal

A

standard/banner

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69
Q

two lateral petals

A

wings or alae

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70
Q

innermost smallest petals
ex. blue pea

A

keel or carina

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71
Q

sn of Broom

A

(Cytisus scoparius)

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72
Q

flower consists of 5 petals
ex. Caballero

A

Caesalpinaceous

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73
Q

smallest innermost petal

A

banner

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74
Q

Two upper lateral petals

A

2 wings

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75
Q

Two lower lateral petal

A

2 Keels

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76
Q

sn of Caballero

A

Caesalpinia pulcherrima

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77
Q

(2- lipped)
- petals are partially united
- partially united petals form the upper and lower lips
ex. sky flower

A

Bilabiate

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78
Q

— flower has 3 petals
ex. Cattleya (Cattleya sp.)

A

Orchidaceous

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79
Q

Three outermost whorl

A

Sepals

80
Q

Two innermost whorl

A

Petals

81
Q

petal which is entirely different in size and shape

A

Lip or Labellum

82
Q

Symmetry of flowers

A

a. Actinomorphic
b. Zygomorphic

83
Q
  • radial symmetry
  • flowers can be divided into 2 equal halves along any plane
A

Actinomorphic

84
Q
  • bilateral symmetry
  • divided into 2 equal halves only by a medial cut through the central axis
A

Zygomorphic

85
Q

Position of the ovary

A

a. Superior ovary
b. Inferior ovary

86
Q
  • petals and sepals inserted below the ovary
  • hypogynous
A

Superior ovary

87
Q
  • petals and sepals inserted above the ovary
  • epigynous
A

Inferior ovary

88
Q

Ovary positions

A
  1. Superior — parts hypogynous
  2. Half- inferior — parts perigynous
  3. Inferior— parts epigynous
89
Q

tissue where ovules are attached inside the ovary

A

placenta

90
Q

arrangement of placenta in the ovary

A

placentation

91
Q

placenta at center

A

axile placentation

92
Q

Placenta at the sides/wall of ovary

A

parietal placentation

93
Q

placenta forms a ridge or margin along the ventral suture of the ovary

A

marginal placentation

94
Q

develops at the base of the ovary

A

basal placentation

95
Q

where one or few ovules develop at the top of a simple or compound ovary.

A

apical placentation

96
Q

Inflorescence

A

— Flower clusters

  1. Determinate inflorescence
  2. Indeterminate inflorescence
97
Q
  • The apex is converted into a flower
  • Usually, the terminal flower opens first, the lower ones open successively
A

Determinate Inflorescence

98
Q

Determinate Inflorescence

A

A. Simple determinate
B. Compound determinate

99
Q

Inflorescence flowers are directly formed from the main axis

A

Simple determinate

100
Q

inflorescences flowers are formed from secondary or higher-order branches.

A

Compound determinate

101
Q

Lowermost flowers open first, and new flowers are still initiated at the apex

A

Indeterminate Inflorescence

102
Q
  • unbranched main axis or peduncle
  • florets mature all at the same time
  • pedicels are of the same length
    ex. gladiola, corrales
A

Raceme

103
Q
  • branched raceme
  • branched main axis
    or peduncle
  • florets mature at the
    same time

ex. rice, cadena de
amor

A

Panicle

104
Q
  • elongated axis
  • sessile (without
    pedicel florets)

ex. Seifritz’s flower

A

Spike

105
Q
  • special type of spike
  • elongated axis hanging or drooping
  • flowers are usually unisexual ( staminate or pistillate)

ex. buntot pusa

A

Ament or catkin

106
Q
  • fleshy spike with both male and female flowers
  • petalloid bract (spathe)
    ex. anthurium, gabi
    pongapong

Staminate at upper portion,
pistillate at lower

A

Spadix

107
Q
  • central flower opens first
  • pedicels of younger flowers at the margin are longer than the older flowers at the center

ex. Shanghai beauty santan, mayana

A

Cyme

108
Q
  • similar with cyme
  • pedicels of younger flower shorter (center)
  • pedicels of older flower are longer (margin or base)

ex. caballero

A

Corymb

109
Q
  • axis is shorter
  • pedicillate flowers radiated from the rounded apex of the axis

ex. Japanese bamboo

A

Umbel

110
Q
  • flowers are sessile (no pedicel)
  • arrangement of flowers similar to umbel
  • flowers may be of 2 kinds:
  1. disc flower
    - located at the center; w/ inconspicuous corolla
  2. ray flower
    - located at the margin
    ex. sunflower, cosmos
A

Head or capitate

111
Q
  • located at the center; w/ inconspicuous corolla
A

disc flower

112
Q

located at the margin
ex. sunflower, cosmos

A

ray flower

113
Q
  • closed cluster or small bundle of pedicelled or sessile flowers on one side of the stem
    ex. abaca, false birds of paradise
A

Fascicle

114
Q

Transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the carpel

A

Pollination

115
Q

pollination of a carpel by pollen from a different plant

A

Cross pollination

116
Q

pollination of a carpel by a pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant

A

Self-pollination

117
Q

•Syngamy or fusion of the sperm and the egg cell

• Involves:
- Plasmogamy : fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes
- Karyogamy: fusion of the nuclei of the gametes

A

Fertilization

118
Q

fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes

A

Plasmogamy

119
Q

fusion of the nuclei of the gametes

A

Karyogamy

120
Q

• The central cell enlarges via nuclear division (no cellular division)
• Nuclear division stops → cytoplasm gathers around nucleus → wall formation = cells

A

Endosperm nucleus

121
Q
  • coenocytic + cellular
  • Mass of multinucleated cell
A

Endosperm

122
Q
  • Hollow center is a cell
  • Milk is the protoplasm
    (coenocytic)
  • Meat is the formed cells
    (cellular)
A

Coconut

123
Q

Hard shell

A

Endocarp

124
Q

meat

A

Endosperm

125
Q

fibrous husk

A

Mesocarp

126
Q

Outer layer

A

Exocarp

127
Q

mature or ripened ovules.

A

Seeds

128
Q

matured integuments

A

Seed coat (testa)

129
Q

• Grows by both nuclear and cellular division (mitosis) forming:
- Suspensor: short stalk-like structure that pushes the embryo deep into the endosperm
- Embryo

A

Zygote

130
Q

The Stages in Embryo Development

A
  1. Globular Stage
  2. Heart Stage
  3. Torpedo Stage
131
Q

— small sphere
— Suspensor develops the
embryo

A

Globular Stage

132
Q

— heart
— Embryo initiates 2 primordia =
cotyledons

*Monocots – 1 cotyledon or “scutellum”

A

Heart Stage

133
Q
  • Elongate cylinder
  • Formation of:
    — Radicle (embryonic root)
    — Epicotyl (embryonic stem): may
    bear a few small leaves
    — Hypocotyl (root-shoot junction)
  • Once mature = becomes quiescent, dehydrates; the funiculus may break forming the hilum (small scar)
A

Torpedo Stage

134
Q

(embryonic root)

A

Radicle

135
Q

(embryonic stem): may
bear a few small leaves

A

Epicotyl

136
Q

(root-shoot junction)

A

Hypocotyl

137
Q

• The cotyledons becomes filled with starch, oil, or protein.
• The endosperm shrinks and completely used up.

A

Dicots

138
Q

• Endosperm remains present in seed.

A

Monocots

139
Q

mature seed in which the endosperm is abundant i.e. castor bean, corn

A

Albuminous seed (Endospermic)

140
Q

mature seed in which endosperm is sparse or absent i.e. pea, beans

A

Exalbuminous seed (Non-Endospermic)

141
Q

• Matured or ripened ovary
• Development varies with the nature of carpels and
nature of the mature fruit
• Stigma, style, sepals, petals and stamen usually wither away although may persist temporarily

A

Fruits

142
Q

ovary wall

A

Pericarp

143
Q

outer layer; skin/peel

A

Exocarp

144
Q

flesh

A

Mesocarp

145
Q

innermost layer;
maybe tough or thin

A

Endocarp

146
Q

3 layers of Pericarp

A
  1. Exocarp
  2. Mesocarp
  3. Endocarp
147
Q

Contains only ovarian tissue

A

True Fruit

148
Q
  • a.k.a. False fruit
  • contains non-ovarian tissue
    ex. Strawberry and Apple
A

Accessory Fruit

149
Q

develops from a single ovary or
fused ovaries of a single flower

A

Simple Fruit

150
Q

formed when separate carpels
fused during development
Ex. Raspberry

A

Aggragate Fruit

151
Q

individual fruits of an inflorescence fused into one fruit
Ex. Pineapple

A

Multiple Fruit

152
Q

Types based on nature of pericarp

A

• Fleshy Fruits
• Dry Fruit
— Dehiscent Fruit
— Indehiscent Fruit

153
Q

Breaks open and release the seeds

A

Dehiscent Fruit

154
Q

Do not break open

A

Indehiscent Fruit

155
Q

Pericarp Is Fleshy At Maturity

A

Fleshy Fruits

156
Q

Fleshy Fruits

A
  1. Berry
  2. Pepo
  3. Hesperidium
  4. Drupe
  5. Pome
157
Q

All or most of pericarp fleshy.
Ex. Tomato (lycopersicon esculentum)

Pomegranate (Punica granatum): A many-seeded berry.

A

Berry

158
Q

Sn of tomato

A

lycopersicon esculentum

159
Q

Sn of Pomegranate

A

Punica granatum

160
Q

a berry with hard, thick rind.
Ex. Watermelon (citrullus lanatus var. lanatus)
Pumpkin, squash, cantelope

A

Pepo

161
Q

A berry with a leathery rind containing oil glands in pits
Ex. Lemon (citrus lemon)

A

Hesperidium

162
Q

Seed enclosed within a hard, stony endocarp (pit).

A

Drupe

163
Q

fleshy mesocarp
Stony endocarp

Ex. Mango, peach, cherry, plum, apricot

A

Fleshy drupe

164
Q

fibrous mesocarp
Stony endocarp

Ex. coconut

A

Fibrous drupe

165
Q

— Accessory fruit with thick hypanthium; leathery papery endocarp
Ex. Apple (Malus domestica cv. ‘gala’)

A

Pome

166
Q

Two types of Dry fruits:

A

A. Dehiscent Dry Fruits (Split Open At Maturity)
B. Indehiscent (do not split open at maturity)

167
Q

Split Open At Maturity

A

Dehiscent Dry Fruits

168
Q

Do not split open at maturity

A

Indehiscent

169
Q
  1. develops from 1 carpel – legume,follicle
  2. from compound carpel - capsule, schizocarp, silique
A

Dehiscent Dry Fruits (Split Open At Maturity)

170
Q

— fruits retain their seeds and do not crack open after ripening.

  1. develops from 1 carpel – caryopsis, achene, samara 2. from compound carpel - nut
A

Indehiscent (do not split open at maturity)

171
Q

Dry fruits:

A
  1. Legume or Pod
  2. Follicle
  3. Capsule
  4. Silique
172
Q

— Composed of one carpel
— opens via two sutures or seams

seams— are lines of dehiscence

Ex. Peanut (Arachis hypogae): Pod (legume) & seeds.

A

Legume or Pod

173
Q

— One carpel that splits along one seam.
— develops from a simple ovary

Ex. Columbine, milkweed

A

Follicle

174
Q

— Composed of several fused carpels.
— Opens thru several openings

Ex. Capsules (with 3carpels & 5carpels)

A

Capsule

175
Q

(split along septa) e.g. Yucca

A

Septicidal

176
Q

(split along locules)
e.g. Iris

A

Loculicidal

177
Q

(opens by a lid) e.g. Portulaca

A

Circumscissile

178
Q

(opens by small pores)
e.g. opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum)

A

Poricidal

179
Q

Two carpels separated by a seed- bearing septum.

A

Silique

180
Q

The minute seeds are attached in two
rows along the margins of septum; however, in Jepson Flora this genus keys out under a “single row of seeds” per locule.

A

Siliques of Cardamine

181
Q

— consists of a single seed that is attached to the wall of the ovary at only one point.
— The pericarp is also thin and undeveloped so when it dries out the fruit has a seed-like appearance.

Fruit and seed are distinct.

Fruit wall – papery, thin
ex. Sunflower, dandelion, strawberry

A

The Achene

182
Q

— The pericarp is thin, transparent and firmly attached to all points of the seed coat the fruit is a grain.

— Seed fills the fruit & fuses w/ fruit wall. Seed coat becomes fused to fruit wall

— Grain type fruits are produced by members of the grass family - rice, corn and wheat.

A

Grain or caryopsis

183
Q

— is a wind borne fruit containing a single seed.
— It is much like an achene except for the paper-like wing which develops from the ovary wall of the flower.
— Winged Samara fruits are characteristic of elms, maples , alder and ashes.

A

Samara

184
Q

— with hard and thick pericarp, one-seeded fruits
— In acorn and chestnut, the shell is the coat of the fruit. The coat develops from the ovary wall after fertilization.
— Some nuts have a husk covering the hard shell.

Husk- formed from the outer layer of the ovary wall
hard coat- formed from the inner layer of the ovary wall.

A

Nuts

185
Q

formed from the outer layer of the ovary wall

A

Husk

186
Q

formed from the inner layer of the ovary wall.

A

hard coat

187
Q

Animals

A

Zoochory

188
Q

Attached to animal

A

Epizoochory

189
Q

Eaten by animal

A

Endozoochory

190
Q

Birds

A

Ornitochory

191
Q

Mammals

A

Mammaliochory

192
Q

Bats

A

Chiropterochory

193
Q

Ants

A

Myrmecochory

194
Q

Wind

A

Anemochory

195
Q

Water

A

Hydrochory

196
Q

Dispersed by the plant itself

A

Autochory

197
Q

8 nuclei in 1 cell

A

3 antipodal cells
2 polar nuclei im central cell
2 synergid cells
1 egg cell

BOTAX (13 decks)

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