Flowers, Seeds and Fruits Flashcards
1
Q
flower stalk
A
Pedicel
2
Q
swollen tip of the pedicel where other flower parts are attached
A
Receptacle
3
Q
4 Floral Appendages:
A
- Sepal
- Petal
- Stamen
- Carpel
4
Q
• Lowermost, outermost, thickest, toughest, waxiest
• Protects the flower buds
• Surrounds and encloses other flower parts
A
Sepal
5
Q
colorful sepals
A
Petaloid
6
Q
Sepals of a flower
A
Calyx
7
Q
• Most noticeable portion
• Different colors dues to different pigments
• Attracts the “correct” pollinators
A
Petal
8
Q
petals of a flower
A
Corolla
9
Q
Calyx + Corolla
A
Perianth
10
Q
“male” part
A
Stamen (Androecium)
11
Q
•2 parts of Stamen (Androecium):
A
- Filament
- Anther
12
Q
stalk
A
Filament
13
Q
where the pollen is produced
A
Anther
14
Q
• has four columns of tissue which become distinct as some cells enlarge = microsporocyte (“microspore mother cell”)
• Microsporocyte undergoes meiosis forming 4 microspores
• Tapetum – layer that contains nurse cells which contributes
to microspore development and maturation
• Microspores initially remain as tetrads but later on separate and forms a resistant wall = pollen
• “dehiscence” – opening of the anther to release the pollen
A
Anther
15
Q
“microspore mother cell”
A
microsporocyte
16
Q
Microsporocyte undergoes __________ forming _______
A
meiosis, 4 microspores
17
Q
layer that contains nurse cells which contributes
to microspore development and maturation
A
Tapetum
18
Q
Microspores initially remain as tetrads but later on separate and forms a resistant wall
A
pollen
19
Q
opening of the anther to release the pollen
A
dehiscence
20
Q
• Intine
— inner layer composed of cellulose
• Extine
— outer layer composed of sporopollenin (waterproof and
chemical-resistant)
— Has germination pores
— may have ridges, spines, bumps, etc. making a pollen distinct
A
Pollen Grain Wall
21
Q
inner layer composed of cellulose
A
Intine
22
Q
— outer layer composed of sporopollenin (waterproof and
chemical-resistant)
— Has germination pores
— may have ridges, spines, bumps, etc. making a pollen distinct
A
Extine
23
Q
waterproof and
chemical-resistant
A
sporopollenin
24
Q
• 3 parts:
— Stigma: catches the pollen grain
— Style: tube-like structure that elevates the stigma
— Ovary: where megaspores are produced
• Pistil – carpels fused together into a single compound structure
A
Carpel (Gynoecium)
25
3 parts of Carpel (Gynoecium):
- Stigma
- Style
- Ovary
26
catches the pollen grain
Stigma
27
tube-like structure that elevates the stigma
Style
28
where megaspores are produced
Ovary
29
carpels fused together into a single compound structure
Pistil
30
Parts of ovary
• Ovary wall
• Placenta
• Ovules
31
outer layer of ovary
Ovary wall
32
regions of tissue that bears the ovules
Placenta
33
small stalk that carries water and nutrients from
the placenta to the ovule
Funiculus
34
central mass of parenchyma
Nucellus
35
2 thin sheets of cells that cover almost all nucellus surface
Integuments
36
Small hole at the top
Micropyle
37
megaspore mother cells
megasporocyte
38
Megasporocyte undergoes_________ forming __________
meiosis, 4 megaspores
39
Microgametophyte
— Male
— all flowering plants
40
Megagametophyte
— female
— polygonum type
41
Floral variations
1. Parts present
2. Sexuality
3. Fusion of flower parts
4. Number of flower parts
5. Nature of flowers
6. Symmetry of flowers
7. Position of the ovary
8. Placentation
42
Parts present
a. Complete
b. Incomplete
43
flowers with four modified leaves (petal, sepal, stamen and carpel)
Complete
44
lacks any of the modified leaves
Ex. Willow flower –lacks sepal, petals
Incomplete
45
Sexuality
a. Perfect
b. Imperfect
46
- bisexual or hermaproditic
- has both carpel and stamen
- animal pollinated
Perfect
47
- unisexual
- only has either carpel or stamen
- wind pollinated
Ex. papaya
Imperfect
48
2 types of imperfect flower
1. pistillate
2. staminate
49
female flower
pistillate
50
male flower
staminate
51
As to distribution of imperfect flowers, plant species can be:
1. monoecious
2. dioecious
3. polygamous
52
- plant with both imperfect flowers
e.g. corn
Male – tassel
Female- ears of corn
Monoecious
53
- imperfect flowers are borne in separate plants
Ex. Marijuana
Dates, willow
Papaya
Dioecious
54
adaptation w/c ensures cross pollination; 1 plant can’t fertilize its own
Dioecy
55
perfect and imperfect flowers are found in the same plant
Ex. Acer rubrum (red maple)
Polygamous
56
Fusion of flower parts
a. Connation
b. Adnation
57
- parts of a single whorl of modified leaves are fused together
Connation
58
one whorl of modified leaves is fused with another whorl
Adnation
59
adnation of corolla, calyx and stamen
Hypanthium
60
Number of flower parts
a. Dicotyledonous
b. Monocotyledonous
61
- flower parts in 4’s and 5’s or divisible by 4 or 5
ex. magnolia
Dicotyledonous
62
flower parts are in 3’s or divisible by 3’s
Monocotyledonous
63
Nature of flowers
a. Regular
b. Irregular
64
petals are of the same size and shape
Regular
65
petals are different in size and shape
Irregular
66
Irregular Flowers:
1. Papilionaceous
2. Caesalpinaceous
3. Bilabiate
4. Orchidaceous
67
Papilionaceous
ex. Broom (Cytisus scoparius)
a. standard/banner
b. wings or alae
c. keel or carina
68
largest outermost showy petal
standard/banner
69
two lateral petals
wings or alae
70
innermost smallest petals
ex. blue pea
keel or carina
71
sn of Broom
(Cytisus scoparius)
72
flower consists of 5 petals
ex. Caballero
Caesalpinaceous
73
smallest innermost petal
banner
74
Two upper lateral petals
2 wings
75
Two lower lateral petal
2 Keels
76
sn of Caballero
Caesalpinia pulcherrima
77
(2- lipped)
- petals are partially united
- partially united petals form the upper and lower lips
ex. sky flower
Bilabiate
78
— flower has 3 petals
ex. Cattleya (Cattleya sp.)
Orchidaceous
79
Three outermost whorl
Sepals
80
Two innermost whorl
Petals
81
petal which is entirely different in size and shape
Lip or Labellum
82
Symmetry of flowers
a. Actinomorphic
b. Zygomorphic
83
- radial symmetry
- flowers can be divided into 2 equal halves along any plane
Actinomorphic
84
- bilateral symmetry
- divided into 2 equal halves only by a medial cut through the central axis
Zygomorphic
85
Position of the ovary
a. Superior ovary
b. Inferior ovary
86
- petals and sepals inserted below the ovary
- hypogynous
Superior ovary
87
- petals and sepals inserted above the ovary
- epigynous
Inferior ovary
88
Ovary positions
1. Superior — parts hypogynous
2. Half- inferior — parts perigynous
3. Inferior— parts epigynous
89
tissue where ovules are attached inside the ovary
placenta
90
arrangement of placenta in the ovary
placentation
91
placenta at center
axile placentation
92
Placenta at the sides/wall of ovary
parietal placentation
93
placenta forms a ridge or margin along the ventral suture of the ovary
marginal placentation
94
develops at the base of the ovary
basal placentation
95
where one or few ovules develop at the top of a simple or compound ovary.
apical placentation
96
Inflorescence
— Flower clusters
1. Determinate inflorescence
2. Indeterminate inflorescence
97
- The apex is converted into a flower
- Usually, the terminal flower opens first, the lower ones open successively
Determinate Inflorescence
98
Determinate Inflorescence
A. Simple determinate
B. Compound determinate
99
Inflorescence flowers are directly formed from the main axis
Simple determinate
100
inflorescences flowers are formed from secondary or higher-order branches.
Compound determinate
101
Lowermost flowers open first, and new flowers are still initiated at the apex
Indeterminate Inflorescence
102
- unbranched main axis or peduncle
- florets mature all at the same time
- pedicels are of the same length
ex. gladiola, corrales
Raceme
103
- branched raceme
- branched main axis
or peduncle
- florets mature at the
same time
ex. rice, cadena de
amor
Panicle
104
- elongated axis
- sessile (without
pedicel florets)
ex. Seifritz’s flower
Spike
105
- special type of spike
- elongated axis hanging or drooping
- flowers are usually unisexual ( staminate or pistillate)
ex. buntot pusa
Ament or catkin
106
- fleshy spike with both male and female flowers
- petalloid bract (spathe)
ex. anthurium, gabi
pongapong
Staminate at upper portion,
pistillate at lower
Spadix
107
- central flower opens first
- pedicels of younger flowers at the margin are longer than the older flowers at the center
ex. Shanghai beauty santan, mayana
Cyme
108
- similar with cyme
- pedicels of younger flower shorter (center)
- pedicels of older flower are longer (margin or base)
ex. caballero
Corymb
109
- axis is shorter
- pedicillate flowers radiated from the rounded apex of the axis
ex. Japanese bamboo
Umbel
110
- flowers are sessile (no pedicel)
- arrangement of flowers similar to umbel
- flowers may be of 2 kinds:
1. disc flower
- located at the center; w/ inconspicuous corolla
2. ray flower
- located at the margin
ex. sunflower, cosmos
Head or capitate
111
- located at the center; w/ inconspicuous corolla
disc flower
112
located at the margin
ex. sunflower, cosmos
ray flower
113
- closed cluster or small bundle of pedicelled or sessile flowers on one side of the stem
ex. abaca, false birds of paradise
Fascicle
114
Transfer of pollen grains from the stamen to the carpel
Pollination
115
pollination of a carpel by pollen from a different plant
Cross pollination
116
pollination of a carpel by a pollen from the same flower or another flower on the same plant
Self-pollination
117
•Syngamy or fusion of the sperm and the egg cell
• Involves:
- Plasmogamy : fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes
- Karyogamy: fusion of the nuclei of the gametes
Fertilization
118
fusion of the protoplasts of the gametes
Plasmogamy
119
fusion of the nuclei of the gametes
Karyogamy
120
• The central cell enlarges via nuclear division (no cellular division)
• Nuclear division stops → cytoplasm gathers around nucleus → wall formation = cells
Endosperm nucleus
121
- coenocytic + cellular
- Mass of multinucleated cell
Endosperm
122
- Hollow center is a cell
- Milk is the protoplasm
(coenocytic)
- Meat is the formed cells
(cellular)
Coconut
123
Hard shell
Endocarp
124
meat
Endosperm
125
fibrous husk
Mesocarp
126
Outer layer
Exocarp
127
mature or ripened ovules.
Seeds
128
matured integuments
Seed coat (testa)
129
• Grows by both nuclear and cellular division (mitosis) forming:
- Suspensor: short stalk-like structure that pushes the embryo deep into the endosperm
- Embryo
Zygote
130
The Stages in Embryo Development
1. Globular Stage
2. Heart Stage
3. Torpedo Stage
131
— small sphere
— Suspensor develops the
embryo
Globular Stage
132
— heart
— Embryo initiates 2 primordia =
cotyledons
*Monocots – 1 cotyledon or “scutellum”
Heart Stage
133
- Elongate cylinder
- Formation of:
— Radicle (embryonic root)
— Epicotyl (embryonic stem): may
bear a few small leaves
— Hypocotyl (root-shoot junction)
* Once mature = becomes quiescent, dehydrates; the funiculus may break forming the hilum (small scar)
Torpedo Stage
134
(embryonic root)
Radicle
135
(embryonic stem): may
bear a few small leaves
Epicotyl
136
(root-shoot junction)
Hypocotyl
137
• The cotyledons becomes filled with starch, oil, or protein.
• The endosperm shrinks and completely used up.
Dicots
138
• Endosperm remains present in seed.
Monocots
139
mature seed in which the endosperm is abundant i.e. castor bean, corn
Albuminous seed (Endospermic)
140
mature seed in which endosperm is sparse or absent i.e. pea, beans
Exalbuminous seed (Non-Endospermic)
141
• Matured or ripened ovary
• Development varies with the nature of carpels and
nature of the mature fruit
• Stigma, style, sepals, petals and stamen usually wither away although may persist temporarily
Fruits
142
ovary wall
Pericarp
143
outer layer; skin/peel
Exocarp
144
flesh
Mesocarp
145
innermost layer;
maybe tough or thin
Endocarp
146
3 layers of Pericarp
1. Exocarp
2. Mesocarp
3. Endocarp
147
Contains only ovarian tissue
True Fruit
148
- a.k.a. False fruit
- contains non-ovarian tissue
ex. Strawberry and Apple
Accessory Fruit
149
develops from a single ovary or
fused ovaries of a single flower
Simple Fruit
150
formed when separate carpels
fused during development
Ex. Raspberry
Aggragate Fruit
151
individual fruits of an inflorescence fused into one fruit
Ex. Pineapple
Multiple Fruit
152
Types based on nature of pericarp
• Fleshy Fruits
• Dry Fruit
— Dehiscent Fruit
— Indehiscent Fruit
153
Breaks open and release the seeds
Dehiscent Fruit
154
Do not break open
Indehiscent Fruit
155
Pericarp Is Fleshy At Maturity
Fleshy Fruits
156
Fleshy Fruits
1. Berry
2. Pepo
3. Hesperidium
4. Drupe
5. Pome
157
All or most of pericarp fleshy.
Ex. Tomato (lycopersicon esculentum)
Pomegranate (Punica granatum): A many-seeded berry.
Berry
158
Sn of tomato
lycopersicon esculentum
159
Sn of Pomegranate
Punica granatum
160
a berry with hard, thick rind.
Ex. Watermelon (citrullus lanatus var. lanatus)
Pumpkin, squash, cantelope
Pepo
161
A berry with a leathery rind containing oil glands in pits
Ex. Lemon (citrus lemon)
Hesperidium
162
Seed enclosed within a hard, stony endocarp (pit).
Drupe
163
fleshy mesocarp
Stony endocarp
Ex. Mango, peach, cherry, plum, apricot
Fleshy drupe
164
fibrous mesocarp
Stony endocarp
Ex. coconut
Fibrous drupe
165
— Accessory fruit with thick hypanthium; leathery papery endocarp
Ex. Apple (Malus domestica cv. ‘gala’)
Pome
166
Two types of Dry fruits:
A. Dehiscent Dry Fruits (Split Open At Maturity)
B. Indehiscent (do not split open at maturity)
167
Split Open At Maturity
Dehiscent Dry Fruits
168
Do not split open at maturity
Indehiscent
169
1. develops from 1 carpel – legume,follicle
2. from compound carpel - capsule, schizocarp, silique
Dehiscent Dry Fruits (Split Open At Maturity)
170
— fruits retain their seeds and do not crack open after ripening.
1. develops from 1 carpel – caryopsis, achene, samara 2. from compound carpel - nut
Indehiscent (do not split open at maturity)
171
Dry fruits:
1. Legume or Pod
2. Follicle
3. Capsule
4. Silique
172
— Composed of one carpel
— opens via two sutures or seams
seams— are lines of dehiscence
Ex. Peanut (Arachis hypogae): Pod (legume) & seeds.
Legume or Pod
173
— One carpel that splits along one seam.
— develops from a simple ovary
Ex. Columbine, milkweed
Follicle
174
— Composed of several fused carpels.
— Opens thru several openings
Ex. Capsules (with 3carpels & 5carpels)
Capsule
175
(split along septa) e.g. Yucca
Septicidal
176
(split along locules)
e.g. Iris
Loculicidal
177
(opens by a lid) e.g. Portulaca
Circumscissile
178
(opens by small pores)
e.g. opium poppy (Papaver Somniferum)
Poricidal
179
Two carpels separated by a seed- bearing septum.
Silique
180
The minute seeds are attached in two
rows along the margins of septum; however, in Jepson Flora this genus keys out under a "single row of seeds" per locule.
Siliques of Cardamine
181
— consists of a single seed that is attached to the wall of the ovary at only one point.
— The pericarp is also thin and undeveloped so when it dries out the fruit has a seed-like appearance.
Fruit and seed are distinct.
Fruit wall – papery, thin
ex. Sunflower, dandelion, strawberry
The Achene
182
— The pericarp is thin, transparent and firmly attached to all points of the seed coat the fruit is a grain.
— Seed fills the fruit & fuses w/ fruit wall. Seed coat becomes fused to fruit wall
— Grain type fruits are produced by members of the grass family - rice, corn and wheat.
Grain or caryopsis
183
— is a wind borne fruit containing a single seed.
— It is much like an achene except for the paper-like wing which develops from the ovary wall of the flower.
— Winged Samara fruits are characteristic of elms, maples , alder and ashes.
Samara
184
— with hard and thick pericarp, one-seeded fruits
— In acorn and chestnut, the shell is the coat of the fruit. The coat develops from the ovary wall after fertilization.
— Some nuts have a husk covering the hard shell.
Husk- formed from the outer layer of the ovary wall
hard coat- formed from the inner layer of the ovary wall.
Nuts
185
formed from the outer layer of the ovary wall
Husk
186
formed from the inner layer of the ovary wall.
hard coat
187
Animals
Zoochory
188
Attached to animal
Epizoochory
189
Eaten by animal
Endozoochory
190
Birds
Ornitochory
191
Mammals
Mammaliochory
192
Bats
Chiropterochory
193
Ants
Myrmecochory
194
Wind
Anemochory
195
Water
Hydrochory
196
Dispersed by the plant itself
Autochory
197
8 nuclei in 1 cell
3 antipodal cells
2 polar nuclei im central cell
2 synergid cells
1 egg cell
