plant tissue Flashcards
1
Q
Derived from shoot and root apical meristems
A
Primary Plant Body (Herbaceous Body)
2
Q
Composed of primary tissues
A
Primary Plant Body (Herbaceous Body)
3
Q
Constitutes the herbaceous parts of a plant
A
Primary Plant Body (Herbaceous Body)
4
Q
plant that never becomes woody nor covered with bark; often lives for less than 1 year; consists only of a primary plant body
A
Herb
5
Q
Derived from meristems other than apical meristems
A
Secondary Plant Body (Woody Body)
6
Q
Composed of secondary tissues: wood and bark
A
Secondary Plant Body (Woody Body)
7
Q
Constitutes the woody, bark-covered parts of a plant
A
Secondary Plant Body (Woody Body)
8
Q
• has primary tissues at its shoot and root tips, and a seedling consists only of primary tissues.
• But wood and bark (secondary tissues) arise inside the primary tissues of stems and roots after few mos.
A
Woody plant
9
Q
group of cells that perform specific function
A
Tissues
10
Q
Based on stage of development
A
a. Embryonic or meristematic
b. Permanent
11
Q
Based on composition
A
a. Simple
b. Complex
12
Q
tissues where the cells are in the mitotic state
A
Meristematic
13
Q
MERISTEMATIC
Based on initiating cells
A
a. Primary meristem
b. Secondary meristem
c. Promeristem (primordial meristem)
14
Q
MERISTEMATIC
Based on position in the plant body (Location)
A
a. Apical
b. Intercalary
c. Lateral/ Secondary Meristematic
15
Q
MERISTEMATIC
Based on function
A
a. Protoderm
b. Procambium
c. Fundamental or Ground
16
Q
embryonic epidermis (PRIMARY EPIDERMIS)
(Dermal Tissue System)
A
Protoderm
17
Q
future cortex (PRIMARY GROUND TISSUE) (Ground Tissue System)
A
Ground Meristem
18
Q
central cylinder (PRIMARY VASCULAR TISSUE) (Vascular Tissue System)
A
Procambium
19
Q
TIP, Length
A
Apical Meristem
20
Q
BODY, elongation
A
Intercalary Meristem
21
Q
Thickness
A
Lateral/ Secondary Meristem
22
Q
Three primary meristems:
A
• protoderm
• ground meristem
• procambium
23
Q
In stems showing secondary growth
A
Lateral Meristems
24
Q
Three primary tissues
A
• dermal tissue system
• ground tissue system
• vascular tissue system
25
(Parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma)
Ground tissue
26
Primary xylem and primary phloem
Vascular tissue
27
Permanent tissues
Simple permanent
Complex permanent
28
Simple permanent tissue
Parenchyma tissue
Collenchyma tissue
Schlerenchyma tissue
29
Complex Permanent
Xylem
Phloem
30
- cells are stable, no longer dividing
- It is differentiated into 2 types
Permanent
31
- composed of one type of cells
- differentiates into dermal or protective and ground or fundamental
- Classified based on the nature of cell wall
Simple permanent tissue
32
- composed of different kinds of cells but perform similar function
Complex permanent tissue
33
dermal and ground tissue
Simple permanent tissue
34
Vascular tissue
Complex permanent tissue
35
a mass of parenchyma cells; most common type of tissue constituting all soft parts of a plant
Parenchyma Tissue
36
- most common type of cell
- Has thin primary walls; large vacuole
- active metabolically and alive at maturity
- Numerous subtypes are specialized for particular tasks.
Parenchyma Cells
37
Nucleus (pink)
Nucleolus (red)
Cell walls
Vacuoles
Parenchyma cells of geranium
38
Examples of Parenchyma Cells
Chlorenchyma Cells
Transfer Cells
Glandular Cells
Aerenchyma
39
- involved in photosynthesis: chloroplast
- the thinness of the wall allows light and carbon dioxide to pass through to the chloroplasts
Chlorenchyma Cells
40
- mediate the short-distance transport of material by means of a large, extensive plasma membrane capable of holding numerous molecular pumps
Transfer Cells
41
Intercellular spaces
Chloroplasts
Chlorenchyma cells from a leaf of privet
42
Simple Permanent Tissue
TYPES
Parenchyma Tissue
Collenchyma Tissue
Sclerenchyma Tissue
43
- secrete nectar, fragrances, mucilage, resins, and oils
- contain few chloroplasts but have ↑ amounts of dictyosomes and endoplasmic reticulum
Glandular Cells
44
- Specialized in gas exchange; large intercellular spaces
Aerenchyma
45
A resin canal and glandular cells in a_________
pine leaf
46
- a mass of collenchyma cells
Collenchyma Tissue
47
- Unevenly thickened primary walls (thin in some areas, thick most often in the corners)
- Typically alive at maturity
Collenchyma Cells
48
- Provide plasticity, the ability to be deformed by pressure or tension and to retain the new shape even if the pressure or tension ceases.
- present in elongating shoot tips as a layer just under the epidermis or as bands located next to vascular bundles
- usually produced only in shoot tips and young petioles
Collenchyma Cells
49
(A) Masses of collenchyma cells often occur in the outer parts of stems and leaf stalks. Collenchyma forms a band about 8 to 12 cells thick.
(B) The primary wall is thicker at the corners; No intercellular spaces are present
Peperomia Stem
50
- a mass of sclerenchyma cells
Sclerenchyma Tissue
51
- has both a primary wall and a thick secondary wall that is almost always lignified
- Many dead at maturity
- provides elasticity, the ability to be deformed, but snap back to their original size and shape when the pressure or tension is released
Sclerenchyma Cells
52
- Some are involve in water transport
- develop mainly in mature organs that have stopped growing (non-extending parts) and have achieved their proper size and shape.
Sclerenchyma Cells
53
Types of Sclerenchyma Cells
• Mechanical (nonconducting) sclerenchyma
- Sclereids
- Fibers
• Conducting sclerenchyma (tracheary elements)
- Tracheids
- Vessel Elements
54
More or less isodiametric; often dead at maturity
Sclereids
55
Long; many types are dead, others types remain alive and are involved in storage.
Fibers
56
Long and narrow with tapered ends; contain no perforations. Dead at maturity. Found in all vascular plants.
Tracheids
57
Short and wide with rather perpendicular end walls; most contain one or two perforations. Dead at maturity. Found almost exclusively in flowering plants. Among non flowering plants, only a few ferns, horsetails, and gymnosperms have vessels.
Vessel elements
58
- brittle and inflexible
- form hard, impenetrable surfaces (shells of
walnuts and coconuts or the "pits" or "stones" of cherries and peaches)
Sclereids (Stone Cells)
59
- Flexible; found in areas where strength and elasticity are important (wood of flowering plant, trunk and branches)
- Resists insects, fungi, pests (bark)
- Elongates as the internode increases in length
Fibers
60
common source for paper and linen cloth
Flax fibers
61
Philippine fibers like abaca leaves or Manila Hemp and pineapple leaves are _______
hard fibers
62
- Water conducting cell
- Movement of water is thru thin areas called “pits” found in the secondary wall
Tracheids
63
- forms large hole called a perforation which greatly reduces the friction = water moves much more easily than through pits of tracheids
Vessel Elements
64
• Cell shape: Isodiametric cells which are oval, spherical or polygonal in shape
• Cell wall: Thin cellulosic cell wall
• Cytoplasm: Abundant
• Nucleus: Present (living tissue)
• Vacuoles: Large vacuole
• Intercellular spaces: Present
• Occurrence: Basically packing tissue, All soft part of plant, Pith, cortex, medullary rays
• Functions: food storage, photosynthesis
Parenchyma
65
• Cell shape: circular, oval or polyhedral
• Cell wall: Uneven thickening on their cell wall
• Cytoplasm: Present
• Nucleus: Present (Living tissue)
• Vacuoles: Vacuolated
• Intercellular spaces: Absent
• Occurrences: Dicot stems, petiole and beneath the epidermis. Absent in monocot and roots
• Functions: Provide tensile strength, Mechanical support, Photosynthesis
Collenchyma
66
• Cell shape: Variable in shape. Fibres and sclereids
• Cell wall: lignified secondary cell wall present
• Cytoplasm: absent
• Nucleus: Absent (dead tissue)
• Vacuoles: Absent
• Intercellular spaces: Absent
• Occurrences: Dicot hypodermic, bundle sheath, pericycle, seed, pulp of fruits
• Function: Protection from stress and strain, mechanical strength
Sclerenchyma
67
• Outermost surface of a herbaceous stem, leaf and root.
• Uses:
– protection
– regulate exchange of materials
• Encrusted with cutin (cuticle)
• Contains guard cells, trichomes and root hairs.
• cutin inhibits the entry of CO2 needed for photosynthesis = plant's starvation → pairs of guard cells with a hole (stomatal pore) between them to permit gas entry
• Guard + stomatal pore = stoma / stomata
• Stomatal pores is open during the daytime
Epidermis (Simple Dermal Parenchyma)
68
serves as reservoir of water and ions
Accessory cells
69
longitudinal rows of vacuolated cells
Bulliform cells
70
for the elongation of the epidermal cell outward (trichome and root hairs)
Epidermal hair
71
aka Epidermal Outgrowths/Hairs
Trichomes
72
Functions:
- protection from insects and excessive sunlight
- aids in nutrient uptake
- spread of seeds
Trichomes
73
can be made into threads, which is then woven into cloth
Cotton trichomes
74
Aratiles – Muntingia calabura
Glandular Trichomes
75
Lipa – Laportea meyeniana
Stinging Trichomes
76
Velvet dock – Verbascumthapsus
Branching trichome
77
Lipai – Mucuna pruriens
Bristle trichome
78
Lingaro- Eleagnus philippinensis
Scale
79
Mallotus- Mallotus philippinensis
Stellate
80
Greatly increase the root’s surface area and efficiency of absorption
Epidermal hairs on roots
81
• Outer covering woody stems and roots
• Cell wall impregnated with suberin
• Produced by the cork
cambium (secondary meristem)
• No intercellular spaces
Cork or Phellem
(simple dermal)
82
Xylem and Phloem- Vascular Tissue
Complex Permanent Tissues
83
Two complex tissues
• xylem
• phloem
84
brings water and mineral salts from the roots to the rest of the plants.
xylem
85
moves sugar and other organic nutrients(food)
Phloem
86
- consists of tracheids, vessels,
xylem parechyma and xylem
fibres
- The tracheids and vessels
help to transport water and minerals from roots to all part of the plant
- Xylem parenchyma stores water and minerals.
- Fibres help in support.
XYLEM
87
- consists of sieve tubes,
companion cells, phloem parenchyma and phloem fibres.
- The sieve tubes and companion cells transport food from leaves to all parts of the plant.
- Phloem parenchyma stores food.
- Fibers help in support.
PHLOEM
88
- alive and active; vertical rows of elongated cells
- Perforated end walls serve as strainer (sieve plate)
- Walls are perforated with pits
- No nucleus
- Forms continuous connection of cytoplasm from the top to bottom
Sieve tube members
89
- small cells attached to the sieve cells
- Nucleated
- supply proteins to sieve tubes
- Regulate the loading and unloading of carbohydrates from the sieve tubes
Companion cells
90
(in plants) refers to the processes by which distinct cell types arise from precursor cells and become different from each other.
Differentiation
