STC SA 3 Flashcards
1
Q
What is Occupational hygiene?
A
The science and art devoted to the anticipation, recognition, measurement, evaluation and control of those environmental factors or stressors arising from the place of work which may cause illness, disease, impaired health and wellbeing or significant discomfort and inefficiency among workers or among members of the community
2
Q
Define the difference between a Hazard vs. risk?
A
HAZARD means a source of or exposure to danger. It is anything that can cause harm.
RISK is the probability or likelihood that injury or damage will occur.
3
Q
Define the difference between Sampling vs. monitoring?
A
SAMPLING is a process consisting of the withdrawal or isolation of a fractional part of a whole. The taking of a sample is to estimate the extent or magnitude of the environmental stressors.
MONITORING means a continuing programme of observation, measurement and judgment of an environmental stressor. Monitoring include planning, carrying out sampling and recording of results to enable a judgment to be made regarding the adequacy of the control measures employed to safeguard the employee and the members of the community.
4
Q
What are the Occupational exposure limits?
A
- Time Weighted Average Exposure Limit (TWAEL)
- Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL)
- Ceiling Exposure Values (CEV)
5
Q
Explain TIME WEIGHTED AVERAGE (TWAEL)?
A
The limit to which an average employee can be exposed for a normal shift of 8 hours per day, 5 days a week without suffering any ill effects.
6
Q
Explain SHORT TERM EXPOSURE LIMIT (STEL)?
A
Can be defined as a 15-minute TWA exposure which should not be exceeded at any time during a workday even if the 8 hours TWA is within the OEL-TWA. There should be at least 60 minutes between successive exposures in this range.
7
Q
Explain CEILING EXPOSURE VALUES (CEV)?
A
Concentrations of the biological or chemical agent in the workplace air that must never be exceeded.
8
Q
What does ALARA stand for?
A
As Low As Reasonably Achievable.
This term expresses the principle that the exposure to any hazardous material should not only be lower than the stated exposure limit but as low as it reasonably can be.
9
Q
What is the Sk” notation?
A
This means that absorption through the skin is a significant route of entry for that substance.
10
Q
What does the SEN notation stand for?
A
Sensitisers are those substances that can produce allergic reactions.
Occupational health= occupational hygiene + occ medicine + primary health care
11
Q
What is meant by “stressors’ and what are the types?
A
The environmental factors, stressors or risks that may cause sickness, impaired health, discomfort or inefficiency in workers may be classified as chemical, physical, biological, ergonomic and psychological.
12
Q
Give examples of Chemical Stressors?
A
Dust, Smoke, Fumes, Mist, Gases and Vapours.
DUSTS: Solid particles generated by handling or crushing of organic or inorganic materials.
SMOKE: A suspension of particles that often originates from combustion. Carbon or soot particles result from the incomplete combustion of carbonaceous material.
FUMES: Solid particles generated by the condensation of a gas, generally after volatilisation from a molten metal.
MISTS: Suspended liquid droplets generated during the condensation from the gaseous to the liquid state. It can also be formed when liquids are broken up into the dispersed state such as by splashing, foaming or atomising. Mists are formed when a finely divided liquid is suspended into the air.
GASES: Gases are formless fluids which occupy space and can be liquefied or solidified by the combined increase in pressure and decrease in temperature to below the critical temperature.
VAPOURS: The gaseous form of substances which are normally in the liquid or solid state at normal room temperature and pressure.
13
Q
Give examples of Physical Stressors?
A
Physical stressors includes: Illumination, noise, vibration, thermal conditions, radiation, ventilation and indoor air quality.
14
Q
Give examples of Ergonomic Stressors?
A
- Includes improperly designed tools or work areas.
- Improper lifting or reaching, poor visual conditions, or repeated motions in an awkward position may be responsible for accidents and inefficiency of workers in the occupational environment.
- Designing the tools and the job to be done to fit the person should be of prime importance.
15
Q
Give examples of Biological agent Stressors?
A
A biological agent means any microorganism, cell culture or human endoparasite, including any which might be genetically modified, which may cause infection, allergy or toxicity, or otherwise create a hazard to human health. Typical stressors that can be encountered in the workplace include insects, rodents, viruses, bacteria and parasites.
16
Q
Give examples of Psychological Stressors?
A
Include occupations which might endanger mental health. Examples of psychological health effects that can develop are neurosis, a condition caused by overloading the senses. This might lead to absenteeism, tiredness, sleeplessness, heart disorders, peptic ulcers and even asthma.
17
Q
What is the Hierarchy of controls?
A
- Elimination
- Substitution
- Engineering controls
- Administrative control
- Personal protective equipment (PPE)
18
Q
Define illuminance?
A
illuminance is the amount of light falling onto a surface.
19
Q
Define Luminance?
A
Luminance is the amount of light reflected from a surface.
20
Q
Define LUX?
A
The metric unit for illuminance. 1 Lux = 1,0 lumen/m2
21
Q
Define Contrast?
A
Contrast is the relationship between the brightness of an object and its background.
22
Q
Define Glare?
A
Glare is a visual condition where there is discomfort and/or a diminished ability to distinguish identifiable objects due to unsuitable illuminance diffusion or luminance limits, or as a result of extreme contrasts, simultaneous or successive, within the field
of vision. Any brightness within the field of vision with such characteristics would cause discomfort, annoyance, interference with vision or eye fatigue.
23
Q
Define Direct Glare?
A
Direct Glare caused by luminous objects within the field of vision, e.g. windows, luminaries, etc.
24
Q
Define Reflective Glare?
A
Reflective Glare produced by seculars reflection from the task itself or by the reflection of bright sources from surfaces near the task (e.g. shiny bench tops).
25
Explain the Stroboscopic effect?
is caused when the lighting of an object changes at an applicable
frequency and causes the apparent movement of the rotating object to differ from the real movement. A rotating blade may appear to be standing still or it may appear to be rotating in the opposite direction, leading to a safety risk.
26
Which Legislation and best practice covers lighting?
OHS Act 85 of 1993, Environmental regulations, section 3 Lighting and lighting schedule SANS 10114
27
Define Sound?
Is defined as any pressure variation (in air, water or some other medium) that the human ear can detect. Sound can also be defined as a stimulus that produces a sensory (auditory) response in the human brain.
28
Define Noise?
Is defined as usually sound that bears no information and whose intensity varies randomly in time. Noise is normally regarded as an unpleasant and unwanted sound.
29
What is considered to be a Noise zone?
An Area where the noise level is or exceeds 85dB (A) (SA) and 90dB(A) (USA).
30
What is a temporary threshold shift?
in hearing occurs immediately after exposure to significant loud noise. Quiet sounds can no longer be heard and the condition may last for minutes to hours.
31
What are the three main groups that noise can be classified in?
1. Continuous Noise
2. Interrupted Noise
3. Impulse Noise
CONTINUOUS NOISE
Continuous noise occurs for example when an electric motor is switched on. This is a monotonous continuous sound with little variance in the frequency and intensity.
INTERRUPTED NOISE
Interrupted noise occurs when there are variations in sound levels due to the on-and-off switching of the machine during a production cycle. The nature of the sound is the same but it is alternated by periods of silence.
IMPULSE NOISE
Impulse noise has a unique feature in that it consists of a very intense sound lasting only a short period, e.g. a gunshot, hammer blows.
32
The NRR (attenuation) is conducted under controlled laboratory conditions and does not take into account?
A-weighting scale
Fitment
Bone induction
Wear and tear
33
How does Whole Body Vibration (WBV) Occur?
Occurs when a human body is supported on a surface which is vibrating and causes the body to vibrate.
34
What are some common sources of WBV?
Large numbers of workers are exposed to WBV with delivery vehicles, forklift trucks, lorries, tractors, buses and loaders as the most frequently reported sources of WBV. Vibration can be due to the machinery itself or the road surface.
35
Define HAVS?
Hand-arm vibration syndrome
36
What are the effects of HAVS?
- Prolonged exposure to vibration through the use of hand-held power tools and equipment leads to damage in several organ systems of the upper limb.
- Damage to the vascular system is a direct effect of the vibration on the blood vessels themselves. Such damage can cause impairment to the circulation.
- Neurological and muscular damage causes numbness and tingling in the fingers and hands. Neurological damage also causes a reduction in sensation to touch and temperature, as well as reducing grip strength and manual dexterity.
- The symptoms experienced from bone and joint damage are pain and stiffness in the hand, joints of the wrist, elbow and shoulder.
- Osteoarthritis and bone cysts occur in workers who are exposed to vibration from hand-held tools.
37
OHS Act, environmental regulations section 2. thermal requirements state that?
TWA WBGT measured over 1 hour must not exceed 30.
38
Define Ventilation?
Ventilation is actually a combination of processes which results in the supply and removal of air from inside a building.
39
What are the two types of Ventilation Systems?
General Ventilation.
Local exhaust ventilation.
General ventilation reduces airborne concentrations of chemicals by diluting the workplace air with cleaner air from outside. General ventilation can effectively remove large amounts of hot or humid air, or dilute low concentrations of low toxicity.
Local exhaust ventilation removes the contaminant rather than diluting it. This type of ventilation is only effective if it is located close to the source of the hazard.
40
What is Radiation?
Radiation is the emission or transmission of energy as waves or moving particles.
41
Define Occupational health?
The promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of physical, mental and social wellbeing of workers, prevention of disease, practised in a balanced synthesis of several disciplines including occupational hygiene, occupational medicine and biological monitoring.
42
Define Primary health care?
Primary health care involves the immediate treatment of minor/serious injury or illness, chronic diseases and minor ailments occurring at the workplace. It includes the referral of the
injured/sick employee to the relevant doctor or hospital for follow-up treatment to ensure rapid recovery. It also covers aspects related to social welfare/health education and rehabilitation.
43
Define Occupational medicine?
Occupational medicine is a specialist discipline within the context of occupational health. It deals mainly with the correlation/relationship between the worker and his/her work environment that may result in impaired or ill-health. Occupational medicine focuses on the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of illness or injury and the monitoring of adverse health effects associated with a particular type of work/exposure.
44
Define Occupational hygiene?
Occupational hygiene involves the anticipation, recognition, evaluation and control of conditions arising in or from the workplace, which may cause illness or adverse health effects.
45
Define Biological monitoring?
A planned programme of periodic collection and analysis of body fluids, tissues, excreta or exhaled air in order to detect and quantify people’s exposure to and their absorption of any
substance or organism that can cause adverse health effects.
46
Define Medical surveillance?
This is a planned programme of periodic examinations, which may include clinical examinations, biological monitoring and medical testing (of employees by an occupational health practitioner under supervision of an occupational health medical practitioner).
47
What are the Aims of Occupational Health Service?
The objectives are defined as:
- Protecting the workers against any health hazard which may arise from work or
conditions in which it is carried out. (protection and prevention principle).
- Adapting work and the work environment to the capabilities of workers (adaptation
principle) by placing them in jobs to which they are suited (inherent job requirement).
- Contributing towards workers’ physical and mental adjustment, social well being (health promotion principle) as well as their ability to conduct a socially and economic productive life.
- Minimising the consequences of occupational hazards, accidents and injuries and
occupation-related diseases (the cure and rehabilitative principle).
- Providing general healthcare services for employees and their families, both curative and preventive (the PHC principle) either on-site, or by providing means like health cover assistance, e.g. medical aid/social security.
The guiding principle should be to ensure as far as is reasonably practical:
- A safe and healthy workplace.
- The availability of adequate health care to all employees.
48
What is Occupational toxicology?
Occupational toxicology is the study of hazardous (chemical) substances that cause adverse health effects in workers.
49
Define Biological monitoring?
Biological monitoring is the measurement of a worker's exposure to the toxic substance and the worker's response to that substance.
50
What is a construction plan?
A construction plan is a schematic represéntation of a construction building/project, which is designed for a specific site/area to cope with a given situation.
51
What are the Criteria for a good layout?
As a result of many variables (type of lay-out whether process or production lay-out, final product produced, transport from plant, type of machinery used), hard and fast rules for a
successful layout cannot be supplied.
```
However, the following criteria could be applied during the planning stage:
Flexibility
Co-ordination
Maximum use of volume
Accessibility
Visibility
Visible routes
Minimum distance
Minimum handling
One-way flow
Minimum discomfort
```
52
What are the two main categories in which way fires can spread?
1. direct spread of flames
| 2. indirect heat conduction.
53
What are the main subcategories under the Direct spread of flames?
- Flames spreading over a surface
- Falling objects
- Air-borne pieces of burning material
54
What are the main subcategories under the indirect spread of flames?
Radiation
Conduction
Convection/Heat currents
55
Fires fall into two categories according to?
a) the types of flammable materials present; and
| b) the most suitable fire-extinguisher that can be used.
56
What are the four basic classes of fires and their examples?
The four basic classes are:
Class A: Fires where ordinary solid flammable materials are present, for example, coal, paper, plastic, wood and textiles (organic materials).
Class B: Fires where flammable liquids, lubricants and gases are present, for example, alcohol, benzene, oils, paraffin and petrol.
Class C: Fires of the A, B and D type in the presence of live electrical installations, for example, electrical cables, generators, transformers and switchboards.
Class D: Fires where metals are present, for example, magnesium, aluminium, sodium, potassium and lithium.
57
Which areas are classified as critical areas with regards to fire and fire prevention?
Flammable liquid stores
| Spray-paint rooms
58
Every company should try to achieve the following three objectives with risk management?
* Financial: To reduce the ratio of total cost-of-risk and to maintain
the improvement over time.
*Resources: To conserve assets & preserve the physical health
of employees through safe working habits & work environment
* Customers and public: To improve the enterprise’s image in the
minds of people it serves through reduction of an incident
causing conditions which affect its products
59
Define a Hazard?
A hazard is a condition, activity, object (material) or substance that has the ability to cause harm in certain circumstances.
This includes machinery, raw materials, work
methods, etc.
The Occupational Health and Safety Act, 85 of 1993 (OHSA) and the Mines Health and Safety Act, 29 of 1996 (MHSA) define it as a source of, or exposure to, danger.
60
Define a Risk?
Risk is the chance or likelihood of a hazard causing harm or damage to a person or to property or the environment.
The extent of the risk depends not only on the severity of potential harm to a person, property or the environment but also on other factors such as the number of people exposed.
The OHSA defines risk as to the probability that injury or damage will occur and the MHSA defines it as the likelihood that occupational injury or harm to persons will occur.
61
Define Pure Risk?
Pure risks are associated with hazards in ‘spheres such as health, safety, environment and security where success with risk control can be the removal of the hazard so that exposure is zero and no harm can result, i.e. no accidents, zero
product defects, no crimes. (Waring and Glendon, 1998, p4).
62
Define Speculative risk?
Speculative risks are associated with business, finance, investment, human resources, IT strategy and politics where success is always relative to that of the economy as a whole, the market sector, competitors and the power attributes of others (Waring and Glendon, 1998, p4).
63
Define Consequence?
The outcome of an event expressed qualitatively or quantitatively being a loss, injury, disadvantage or gain. There may be a range of possible outcomes associated with an event.
64
Define Frequency?
A measure of the rate of occurrence of an event expressed as the number of occurrences of an event in a given time.
The likelihood of a specified risk leading to a specific outcome/consequence.
65
Define Probability?
The likelihood of a specific outcome, measured by the ratio of specific events or outcomes to the total number of possible events or outcomes. Probability is expressed as a number between 10 and 1, with 10 indicating an impossible event or outcome and 1 indicating that an event or outcome is certain.
66
Define Severity?
The degree of harm or the nature of the consequence.
67
Define Exposure?
The extent or degree to which people i.e. include contractors, visitors, neighbours, customers, etc. or the environment is exposed to a specified risk.
68
Define Residual risk?
The risk that remains after taking into account the effect of the controls that have been applied.
69
Define Significant risk?
A level of risk that cannot/will not be tolerated by management and/or the workforce and needs to be controlled
70
Define Tolerable risk?
A level of risk that will be tolerated by management and/or the workforce. (The legislator’s expectations and the public’s perception typically will serve to reduce the tolerance for risk of any individual company.
71
Define Risk management?
Risk management is a managerial function aimed at protecting the organization — its people, assets and profits — against the physical and financial consequences of adverse events. It involves planning, coordinating and directing the risk control and risk financing activities in the organisation (Valsamakis et al, 1999, p22).
72
What are the main risk Categories?
1. Strategic risks
2. Business or financial risks
3. Programme or project risk
4. Operational risk
5. Technological risk
73
Define Operational Risk?
This is a wide-ranging category of risk that includes the failure of any aspect of a business's operations. It includes management failure, system and software failure, human error, process inefficiencies and procedural failures. Although the concept is
relatively new, it is recognised as an important part of an overall risk management framework for a company.
74
Define A baseline risk assessment?
Focuses on the identification of risk that applies to the whole organisation or project. This type of assessment could be performed on a site, region or even on a national basis concerning any facet of the organisation operations or procedures.
75
It is important to remember that behavior should also be considered when?
Identifying hazards and risks.
76
What are the 5 steps to doing a base-line risk assessment?
```
Step 1 - Preparation
Step 2 - Hazard identification
Step 3 - Converting hazards to risks
Step 4 - Ranking the risks
Step 5 - Evaluating effectiveness of existing controls
```
77
Explain Management as a Processes?
Set of interrelated or interacting activities which transforms Inputs into Outputs.
Management is a process involving certain work outputs activities that managers must perform to achieve the goals of an enterprise.
78
Define Strategy?
A broad plan of action for pursuing and achieving objectives and goals, and satisfying missions
79
Define Mission with regards to management systems?
A statement of the company’s long term vision of what it is trying to become, which differentiates it from other companies. The mission provides direction and a sense of purpose to all employees
80
Define Goal with regards to a management system?
Future state or condition that contributes to the fulfilment of the organization's mission
81
Why should a organization consider a Health and Safety Management system?
1. The main driving force behind safety and health management in the workplace is the human sense for social responsibility.
2. Financial liability and concerns.
3. To prevent pollution, depletion of natural resources and endangering of life with regards to the environment.
4. The sheer business advantages of superior product/service quality in the marketplace
82
What is the main focus of ISO 9001?
Quality Management
83
Give 5 points of importance with regards to ISO 9001?
1. Explain (expose) the business system of the organisation by formulating, documenting and communicating the organisation’s goals, objectives, policies, and procedures
2. Exercise management commitment to the policies and procedures
3. Provide for effective communication within the organisation
4. Provide proper resources (people, facilities, etc.) to achieve objectives
5. Define everybody's responsibilities and authorities
6. Appoint internal advisors, auditors and representatives to ensure compliance with the organisation's policies and procedures and with the requirements of ISO 9001
7. Review and improve the business system regularly
8. Communicate with the customers, determine what they need, and regularly review their requirements and agreements with them
9. Always plan before doing
10. Exercise formal control over design and development activities
a Ensure suppliers are capable, provide clear purchasing information to them and verify
purchased product before accepting it
m Exercise formal control over manufacturing/service processes where appropriate
mu Validate processes where appropriate
ma Provide for identification of product/service status at all stages of production/service
a Provide for product traceability (sources of components/material/work)
m Exercise care with customers’ property if work is performed on it
a Provide for preservation of product/service quality at all stages of production/service
a Maintain the integrity of all monitoring and measuring devices
```
a Monitor/measure/audit as appropriate:
- the business system
- processes
- product
- customer satisfaction,
analyse the information gained and
```
implement corrective, prevention and improvement measures
84
What is the purpose of the International standard ISO 14001?
Environmental management systems
85
Name 5 points of importance to ISO 14001?
- Formulate a policy statement in connection with environmental care.
- Identify and record the environmental aspects resulting from the organisation’s activities, as well as the legal and other environmental requirements applicable to the organisation.
- Set environmental management objectives and targets.
- Establish environmental management programmes for achieving the objectives and targets.
- Set up external channels for communication with stakeholders about the environmental aspects of the organisation.
- Establish environmental emergency response systems.
86
Briefly explain what is covered under OHSAS 18001
Occupational health and safety management systems
87
Give 5 points of importance under OHSAS 18001?
1. Formulate a policy statement in connection with safety and health.
2. Set health and safety objectives and targets.
3. Establish health and safety management programmes for achieving the objectives and targets.
4. Formally appoint persons responsible for specified safety and health related functions.
5. Establish safety and health related emergency response systems (including physical facilities).
6. Conduct formal investigations into health and safety related incidents.
88
What is CMB001: 2003?
NOSA Safety, Health and Environmental (GHE) Management System Standard - Specification
89
What is covered under CMB253?
Nosa Integrated Five Star System Guideline for General Industry
90
What is covered under AMS 16001?
Standard for HIV/AIDS Management System Specification Document
91
No SHE system can be effective without thorough...?
```
Planning
Organising
Leading
Controlling
(POLC)
```
92
Is Occupational Illness Treatable and Curable?
Yes, Occupational illness is treatable and curable
93
Is Occupational Disease Treatable and Curable?
No, Occupational Illness Treatable
94
Define an Accident?
Undesired event giving rise to death, ill health, injury, damage or other forms of loss
95
Define an Audit?
A systematic and, wherever possible, independent examination to determine whether activities and related results conform to planned arrangements and whether these arrangements are implemented effectively and are suitable to achieve the organization's policy and objectives.
96
Define Continual Improvement?
Recurring process of enhancing the SHE management system in order to achieve improvements in overall business performance, in line with the organization SHE policy and updated risk profile.
97
Define Document control?
Procedure(s) for ensuring effective management of all system registers and documents (information and their supporting media)
98
Define the Environment?
Surroundings in which an organization operates: this includes the natural environment (air, soil, water, natural resources, fauna and flora) arid the community (humans, their interactions and social, cultural, economic and bodily well-being). Surroundings in this context extend from within an organization to the global system.
99
Define a Hazard?
Source or situation with a potential for harm in terms of injury or ill-health at the workplace and/or in the environment and community.
100
Define Hazard identification?
Process of recognizing that a hazard exists and defining its characteristics
101
Define an Incident?
An undesired but caused event that has the potential to lead to accident or harm to people or the environment.
NOTE: The term "incident" therefore includes accidents, no-loss incidents called "near-misses" and any event that causes or has the potential to cause harm to people or the environment.
102
Define Non-conformance?
Any deviation from physical conditions, work standards, practices, procedures, regulations, management system performance etc., which may either directly or indirectly lead to injury or illness, property damage, damage to the workplace environment, or a combination of these.
103
Define an Objective?
Medium- and long-term accomplishments, in terms of SHE performance, which an organization sets itself to achieve
104
Define Occupational safety, health and environment?
Conditions and factors that may affect the health and/or well-being of employees, temporary workers, contractor personnel, visitors and any other person in the workplace and their environment.
105
Define an Organization?
Company, operation, firm, enterprise, institution or association, or part thereof, whether incorporated or not, public or private, that has its own functions and administration.
106
Define Stakeholder?
Individuals or groups concerned with or affected by the SHE performance of an organization
107
Define Target?
Short-term accomplishments, set and included in a yearly plan (program), executed and monitored, which contribute to the organization's achieving their objectives.
108
What is the definition of a Standard?
Definition: A norm or model adopted as a basis for comparison (CCH, 1992)
109
Why do we need Standards?
Standards give us a guide to expected behaviours, practices and physical conditions. They are a tool used in all SHE systems against which we can measure and compare our performance, e.g. ISO 9000, ISO 14001, OHSAS 18001, NOSA Integrated Five Star System, etc
They are a fundamental tool in Successful management and enable us to communicate to others our commitment to SHE
110
What is meant by 'Standards Of Condition'?S
These are the physical factors of the work environment. The characteristics of goods or services, materials, machines, tools and physical environmental factors form part of these standards.
Examples of standards of condition are: demarcation (width, breadth, height, colour. etc.), condition of facilities (floors, walls, doors, etc.), lighting levels (Australian Standard 300 LUX), and ventilation levels.
111
What is meant by 'Standards of Function?'
A formal organisation structure should show the proper work content of the functional groups comprising the organisation. These standards determine who will do what, with clearly defined lines of authority and responsibility.
112
What is meant by ' Standards Of Procedure (Work procedure)?'
These are the criteria by which the methods (personal and physical) for each function in the organisation are measured. Standard procedure should represent the best method, supported by research, of carrying out these functions.
113
What is meant by 'Personnel Standards: (Perf0rmance measures, code of ethics)?'
These apply to the measurement of human factors, forces and effects. People are unable to be standardised in terms of forcing them into a common mould.
114
Explain what is meant by 'Performance standards: (Units of measure, Accepted Criteria)?'
Designed to allow for appraisal of the extent to which objectives are being achieved. These standards should be established in advance of the developing activity in terms which are objective, understandable and reliable.
115
What are the three stages process of SHE documentation Development?
1. Documentation writing and approval (inclusive of participation by role players)
2. Documentation implementation
3. Documentation sustaining and implovomoof
116
GIve the 9 steps to SHE Documentation writing and the approval process?
1. Select implementation team/SHE committee
2. Identify required documentation
3. Select custodian/champion
4. Consult with affected parties
5. Write a draft document
6. Circulate draft for comment
7. Send to implementation team/SHE committee/GM
8. MD/GM Sign off or reject
9. Implement
117
Explain the steps to follow when writing procedures?
```
Step 1: Purpose
Step 2: Scope
Step 3: Definitions
Step 4: Requirements/Procedure (What, who, when & how)
Step 5: Records
(PSDRR)
```
118
What does HACCOD stand for with regards to writing Policies and procedures?
```
H - Honest
A - Accurate
C - Complete
C - Concise
O - Objective
D - Descriptive
```
119
Define acclimatised?
Physiologically adapted to a particular thermal environment and work rate
120
Define attenuation?
The proven capability of hearing protectors to reduce the equivalent noise level to which the wearer thereof is exposed
121
Define building work?
Work defined as such in regulation 1 of the General Administrative Regulations promulgated in terms of section 35 of the Act and published under Government Notice R.2206 of 5 October 1984
122
Define working plane?
A horizontal plane at the level where work is performed.
123
What can the government's Health and Safety Inspection Service do when they see an
offence?
Appoint an official to coordinate the work, give a warning and impose a requirement.
124
Which factor has a direct impact on the risks associated with work?
The workplace.
125
What is the objective of a task risk analysis?
To control the risks associated with the work.
126
Who should you notify right away about an accident?
The immediate supervisor.
127
What is an example of safe behaviour at the workplace?
Always wearing hearing protection.
128
What is the best way to avoid tripping at the workplace?
Make sure the workplace is tidy.
129
What is one of the employee’s obligations?
Do not change protective devices and use them in the correct way.
130
What colours are used on signs for fire fighting equipment?
White pictogram on a red background.
131
What are blanking flanges used for?
To shut off supply lines to storage tanks.
132
What is one purpose of a work permit?
All those involved in the work must consult about the safe execution of the work.
133
What does this sign mean?
The use of fall protection equipment is mandatory.
134
What must be included in a company emergency plan?
The phases of dealing with emergency situations.
135
Hazardous substances are classified by category. What are some of these categories?
Explosive - highly/extremely flammable - harmful.
136
What is the best way of limiting exposure to toxic substances?
By using another, non-toxic substance.
137
One of the following pictograms is displayed on the packaging of a substance. What is one characteristic of this substance?
Corrosive.
138
Which substance is an organic solvent?
Mercury.
139
What is the LEL (Lower Explosion Limit) (onderste explosiegrens) of a gas?
The lowest concentration of the gas at which an explosion can occur.
140
What is the first thing you should do if you discover a fire?
Ensure your own safety.
141
What is an explosion-hazardous environment?
An environment in which an explosive mixture can arise.
142
Which of the following is a risk associated with permanently installed grinders?
The grinding stone can disintegrate.
143
Is the earthing of double insulated electric hand tools permitted?
No, this is not permitted.
144
Which rule, among others, applies to a crane?
A crane must carry a CE marking.
145
What is one of the rules that applies to the use of chains?
Completely screw in the shackle pins.
146
Which rule applies to the use of a manual hoist?
A manual hoist must never be overloaded.
147
Are you allowed to increase the counterweight on a forklift?
No, this is never permitted.
148
How should an acetylene bottle be positioned during welding?
The bottle must be positioned at an angle of at least 30° with the floor.
149
How can you prevent falling hazards at the edge of a work floor?
By putting proper barriers at the edge of the work floor.
150
What is the best safety provision for a floor opening?
The floor opening must be covered with materials capable of carrying heavy loads.
151
Hazards can arise during excavations due to the fact that there are many cables and pipelines buried in the ground. This is why ‘rules for careful excavation’ have been established. What is one of these rules?
First manually dig trial trenches close to the specified location of the cables or pipelines.
152
Which of the following is mandatory when working from a safety cage at height?
Everyone in the safety cage must wear a safety harness attached to the safety cage.
153
You are spray painting in a confined space. Why do you have to ventilate this space?
In order to remain below 10% of the LEL (Lower Explosion Limit) (onderste explosiegrens).
154
What affects the size of an electric current passing through the human body?
The resistance of the ground or floor.
155
Why is the insulation used for electrical conductors?
To prevent contact with live parts.
156
What is a risk associated with static electricity?
Static electricity can result in a spark which could cause an explosion.
157
What is important for manually lifting an object standing on the ground?
That you lift with a straight back and bent knees.
158
What must you do with your PBM’s (personal protective equipment)?
Take proper care of it.
159
What must you do with your PBM’s (personal protective equipment)?
Take proper care of it.
160
What hazards do safety goggles protect against?
Dust.
161
What is impossible for gloves to protect against?
| Rotating parts.
Rotating parts.
162
What rule applies to the use of protective clothing?
Immediately repair or replace torn/worn clothing.
163
Define process with regards to a management system?
A set of interrelated or interacting activities which transforms inputs into outputs
164
Define manager with regards to a management system?
An individual who guides, directs, or oversees the work and performance of other individuals.
165
A simplified definition for a risk is?
Can be defined as an energy source that can go out of control
166
Reasons for an energy source going out of control?
- Management system failure or non-conformance
- Training or skill deficiency
- Latent design defects
- Inappropriate or inadequate maintenance
- Imperfect procedures
- Unsuitable task directive or leadership
- Substances physical comes
- Inappropriate or illegal acts
- Physical barrier or containment failures
167
What are the control mechanisms one can use to eliminate oR reduce risks?
1. Design to eliminate the energy source
2. Design to reduce the energy source
3. Installation of a physical device/barrier
4. Installation of a warning devices
5. Use of PPE equipment, procedures and training
168
Risk assessments with regards to risk management ?
- Identify
- Evaluate
- Control
- Finance
- Monitor
(Risk management = IECFM)
169
According to Holmes, risk can be divided into five broad categories (Holmes, 2002, p6-7)?
1. Strategic risks
2. Business or financial risks
3. Programme or project risk
4. Operational risk
5. Technological risk
170
Give the steps of a Risk Assessment in Perspective to risk management?
1. Identify
2. Evaluate
3. Control
4. Finance
5. Monitor
(IECFM)
1. Identity
a. Identify the hazards in the area
b. Convert each hazard to its associated risks
2. Evaluate: Risk
a. Evaluate each risk in terms of consequence,
probability and exposure
b. Rank in order of priority
3. Control
a. Generate alternative solutions based on the hierarchy of terminate,
i) treat, transfer and tolerate
b. Decide on the best solution or combination of solutions
c. Develop plans to implement the solution decided on
d. Implement
4. Finance:
a. Determine the best risk-financing solution
Implement
5. Monitor:
a. Measure all actions taken to address the risks
b. Evaluate the results in terms of set objectives
c. Take corrective actions where required but also remember to commend where required.
171
What is a PESTE analysis?
```
Political
Economic
Social
Technical
Ecological
```
172
What is a summary of businesses risk?
Strengths
Weakness
Opportunity
Threats
173
What are the cost of risk?
Insurance cost
In-reimburse losses
Risk control and loss prevention expenses
Administrative cost
174
What are the criteria for a good work layout?
```
Flexibility
Coordination
Maximum use of volume
Accessibility
Visibility
Visible Route
Minimum distance
Minimum handling
One-way flow
Minimum discomfort
```
175
What are some elements of mitigation?
Avoidance
Minimization
Compensation
176
The triple bottom line consists of?
Social system
Economic system
Biophysical system
