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Greek language > ST3 > Flashcards

ST3 Flashcards

1
Q

Define a ‘site plan’?

A

A site plan is an architectural plan or detailed engineering drawing that shows buildings and structures, roads and travel ways, parking, storm water drainage, sewer lines, potable water lines, fire water reticulation, landscaping elements, etc. for a given site.

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2
Q

What are the safety benefits of having a site plan?

A
  • Appointments of health and safety representatives in specific areas
  • Identification and designation of emergency and egress routes
  • The design of appropriate storage and stacking areas
  • Designation of adequate parking areas
  • Designation of emergency assembly points
  • Designation of walkways
  • Designation of dedicated lanes for motorised equipment and other equipment
  • Proactive solutions for proposed new buildings, extensions, infrastructure, etc.
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3
Q

What are some of the most important guidelines or criteria for ensuring that a site layout is safe?

A
  • Minimum distance, minimum handling
  • Hazards and how they might intersect
  • Maximum use of volume
  • Flexibility - possible changes of layout later on
  • The layout should allow for adequate accessibility
  • Visibility is key
  • People must be considered at all times in the layout.
  • Logically and cost-effective layout design
  • Adequate space between machinery and processes
  • Elements of nature

• Minimum distance, minimum handling –
the cornerstone of a good layout.
• Hazards and how they might intersect must be considered critically at all times.
• There must be maximum use of volume wherever possible.
• Flexibility must be accommodated wherever possible so that changes to production or machinery can be achieved with minimum impacts on workflow and safety.
• The layout should allow for adequate accessibility to all machinery, work areas and other areas on the site.
• Visibility is key, whether it be ensuring that workers or equipment or the routing thereof is always visible.
• People must be considered at all times in the layout.
• The production line should flow logically and be cost-effective, wherever possible.
• Adequate space between machinery and processes is needed, without impeding productivity.
• Elements of nature should be factored in, for example, rain, wind and excessive sunlight.

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4
Q

What are the possible hindrances to an optimal site layout?

A
  • Legacy issues
  • Financial cost implications
  • Management pushback
  • Lack of understanding
  • Legacy issues – a site may have historical infrastructure or existing layout features that hinder optimisation or redesign of the layout.
  • Financial cost implications – an ideal layout may simply be too costly to achieve.
  • Management pushback – there may be resistance from management regarding a new or improved layout, most often for financial or production-related reasons.
  • Lack of understanding – organisations and organisational leaders may not always realise that what is hindering safety on a site is the layout thereof.
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5
Q

Define GSR8?

A

Storage and Stacking

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6
Q

Define GSR4?

A

Storage of Flammable liquids

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7
Q

Storage of any type should always consider the following?

A
  • Machinery and equipment that need to be stored – types and number thereof.
  • Packing materials that may be used in stores.
  • Vehicle access to the stores, if any, including the type of vehicle/s that may be used.
  • The inherent risks of merchandise and equipment that may be in storage.
  • Machinery and equipment that need to be stored - type
  • Packing materials that may be used in stores front and back.
  • Vehicle access to the stores.
  • The inherent risks of merchandise in storage.
  • Accessibility of the storage area.
  • Hazardous substances and materials to be stored accordingly
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8
Q

What are the basic requirements of storage?

A
  • Ventilation.
  • Lighting
  • Maneuvering space
  • Maximum use of volume
  • Fire prevention
  • Ventilation: Adequate ventilation of stores is important. Ventilation requirements depend on the type of material stored. Ventilation openings should always be protected and should be inspected regularly to ensure they are not blocked.
  • Lighting: Luminaires (lights) should, as far as possible, be placed between shelves or areas in the store for a good and even distribution of light in the store. The luminaires should be placed so that the light does not shine in to the eyes of the forklift/reach truck operator or store attendant during stacking operations or while stock is removed from the shelves.
  • Manoeuvring space: There should be enough space in the store for personnel, forklifts/reach trucks (and other apparatus that may be used in a store) to manoeuvre.
  • Maximum use of volume: A store consists of not only of floor space but also air space. All volume should be used efficiently to maximise the use of space.
  • Fire prevention: The fire potential of all materials being stored must be considered. Non- compatible materials must be stored at a safe distance from each other or ideally not stored together at all. There should be a minimum clearance of at least 45cm between any stored materials and fire sprinkler heads.
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9
Q

The types of stacking to be used depend on the following factors?

A
  • The type of pallets required
  • Desired storage density
  • Floor space and building height
  • Placement of building doors and columns
  • Inventory accessibility
  • Inventory rotation
  • Item/load size and weight
  • Optimal storage design
  • Cost of materials and installation
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10
Q

What are the important safety factors with regards to stacking that have to be considered at all times?

A

• Damage to the rack
• Warning sign/s:
o A rack must never be climbed at any time.
o Racks are not designed to be stepped on.
o Racks are not designed to be used as an elevated platform of any type.
o Racks must not be shaken or otherwise unnecessarily disturbed.
• Accessibility
• Overloading or exceeding recommended load specifications:
• Obstructions
• Minimum distance
• Motorised equipment or vehicles
• Inspections
• Rack audits

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11
Q

All stacking in a store or in a storage area should always comply with the following eight requirements?

A
  • base on which the stacking is done should be solid
  • No stack may be higher than three times the width of the narrowest base of the stack
  • Bonded and linked.
  • No stacking in a walkways
  • Not obstruct firefighting equipment, lighting, ventilation, electric switching devices
  • Stacks should only be mounted using the correct equipment
  • dismantled from the top down.
  • report the danger of a stack collapsing, it should immediately be dismantled
  • The base on which the stacking is done should be solid, even and strong enough for the load.
  • No stack may be higher than three times the width of the narrowest base of the stack (what is known as the 3:1 ratio rule)
  • Bonded and linked.
  • Under no circumstances should stacking be done in walkways, passages or designated routes for motorised equipment.
  • Not obstruct firefighting equipment, lighting, ventilation, electric switching devices, emergency exits or symbolic safety signs.
  • Stacks should only be mounted using the correct equipment such as ladders specifically designed and fit for the purpose.
  • Stacks should only be dismantled from the top down.
  • Where there is danger of a stack collapsing, it should immediately be dismantled, starting from the top.
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12
Q

Hand tools are classified as?

A
  • Tools using human energy
  • Portable pneumatic tools
  • Portable hydraulic tools
  • Portable electric tools
  • Explosive-activated tools
  • Fuel-powered tools
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13
Q

What are tools that use human energy?

A

• Garden tools, for example, wheelbarrows and spades.
• Light duty tools (metalwork and woodwork), for example, screwdrivers, pliers, ring spanners and flat spanners.
• Household implements, for example, knives, forks and graters.
• Office equipment, for example, letter openers, staplers, pencils and pens.
Dangers: misuse and improper maintenance; for example, if a chisel is used as a screwdriver

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14
Q

What are pneumatic tools and give an example?

A

These are tools powered by air pressure.
Example: Jackhammers.
Dangers: getting hit by one of the tool’s attachments or by some kind of fastener, for example, rivets or staples, that the worker is using with the tool. Loss of control

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15
Q

Define Hydraulic tools and give an example?

A

Hydraulic tools are tools powered by means of oil under pressure.
Example: hydraulic jackhammers
Dangers Lose physical control

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16
Q

Define Electric tools and give an example?

A

Electric tools are powered by electricity.
Example: drilling machine and angle grinder.
Dangers: Could include electrical burns or even electrocution.

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17
Q

Define Explosive-activated tools and give an example?

A

Activated by a percussion cap, similar to that of a firearm, and are used to shoot in screws, nails and staples.
Example: Hilti gun.
Dangers: These tools are extremely hazardous also referred to as explosive-actuated tools

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18
Q

Define Fuel-powered tools and give an example?

A

Fuel-powered tools are powered by fuels such as petrol and diesel.
Example: Chainsaws and lawnmowers.
Dangers: Fuel vapours, which could result in a fire and could also be considered a health risk.

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19
Q

Define a safeguard?

A

Guards are physical barriers that prevent access to a point of operation of a hazard.

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20
Q

Define Safeguarding?

A

Is any means used to minimise the health and safety risks of personnel who come into contact with hazards.

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21
Q

Define Guards?

A

As barriers that protect personnel from the hazards and the associated health and safety risks at the point of operation.

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22
Q

Define enclosure?

A

a barrier or cover, which protects workers from dangerous areas or zones

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23
Q

Define Devices?

A

A restraints that keep employees from reaching in to the point of operation, preventing operations if any part of the employee is in the point of operation or automatically removing any part of the employee from the point of operation.

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24
Q

Define Mechanical hazards?

A
  • Crushing
  • Shearing
  • Entanglement
  • Drawing in (or trapping)
  • Impact
  • Stabbing, punctures and ejection
  • Friction and abrasion
  • High-pressure fluid injection

3.2.1 Mechanical hazards
BS EN ISO 12100 (Safety of machinery) identifies the following mechanical hazards associated with using machinery:
• Crushing: The body or part of the body is caught between two moving parts of machinery or between moving and static objects.
• Shearing: Two parts of the machine move together to ensure a cutting motion is delivered and can thus shear (cut) a body part of the worker.
• Entanglement: Is associated with a single rotating part of a machine. Usually an item of clothing or jewellery or even hair gets caught in the rotating part and the person is somehow entangled in the machine.
• Drawing in (or trapping): The body or a body part is caught between two moving parts and is drawn into the machine.
• Impact: A powered part of a machine hits a person.
• Stabbing, punctures and ejection: Caused by some sharp part of the machine or process penetrating the person.
• Friction and abrasion: Caused by coming into contact with a fast-moving surface. The effect is a burn due to the friction generated between the machine and the part of the body with which it makes contact.
• High-pressure fluid injection: Associated with the use of a hydraulic system following a sudden release, for example, a machine rupture. The fluid jet may have enough pressure to penetrate the skin.

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25
Q

Give examples of non-mechanical hazards?

A
  • Chemicals
  • Dust
  • Electricity
  • Ergonomics
  • Explosion/implosion
  • Fumes/vapours
  • Heat/fire
  • Noise
  • Oils and residues
  • Radiation
  • Vibration
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26
Q

What are nip points?

A

Are specific spots (points) that can potentially catch (nip) a user’s clothing or any part of his body?

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27
Q

What are the three main hazardous areas regarding moving components in machinery?

A
  • Point of operation
  • Power-transmission apparatus
  • Other moving parts
  • Point of operation: The actual area (point) of the machine where work is performed, for example, mechanical actions may occur at the point of operation, such as cutting, piercing, shaping, punching and forming.
  • Power-transmission apparatus: Components in a machine that transmit energy in one way or another, for example, flywheels, pulleys, belts, chains, couplings, spindles, cams and gears.
  • Other moving parts: Parts of the machine that move while the machine is in operation, for example, reciprocating or rotating parts of the machine.
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28
Q

Name the types of guards that you get?

A
  • Fixed guards
  • Interlocking guards
  • Adjustable/self-adjusting guards
  • Special devices
  • Non-mechanical guards
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29
Q

Define fixed guards?

A

Fixed guards prevent access to the dangerous parts of machines, which pose the greatest health and safety risks.
Fixed guards have several advantages, namely:
• They are easy to maintain and inspect
• They can only be bypassed by a deliberate act
Limitations include:
• They may obstruct visibility and limit access
• They are not interfaced with machinery controls so they do not afford protection if removed

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30
Q

Define interlocking guards? And its advantages and disadvantages?

A

An interlocking guard or device is a mechanical, electrical, or other type of device that is used to prevent the operation of machine elements under specified conditions (usually when the guard is not closed or interlocked).
Advantages of interlocking guards include:
• They allow for easier maintenance access than fixed guards
• They have to be in place for the machine to operate normally
Their main disadvantages are:
• They are more complicated and need more maintenance; thus, they are more likely to fail
• They can easily be bypassed by a user if not properly implemented

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31
Q

Define interlocking guards?

A

An interlocking guard or device is a mechanical, electrical, or other types of device that is used to prevent the operation of machine elements under specified conditions (usually when the guard is not closed or interlocked).
Advantages of interlocking guards include:
• They allow for easier maintenance access than fixed guards
• They have to be in place for the machine to operate normally
Their main disadvantages are:
• They are more complicated and need more maintenance; thus, they are more likely to fail
• They can easily be bypassed by a user if not properly implemented

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32
Q

Define Adjustable guards?

A

are guards that can be adjusted manually or automatically to accommodate varying operating conditions and materials.
Examples of adjustable/self-adjusting guards include those for saws or other cutting devices.
The main advantages of these adjustable guards are:
• Their relative ease of use, i.e. they are adjustable
• Their flexibility in allowing different operations when adjusted
Their main disadvantages are:
• They are easily bypassed and rendered ineffective by leaving exposed parts during normal operation
• They are potentially rendered ineffective if adjustments are not made correctly

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33
Q

What are the special devices used for safeguarding workers?

A
  • Two-handed control devices
  • Remote control devices
  • Pullback or pull-out devices
  • Trip devices
    Non-mechanical:
  • Restraints
  • Enclosures
  • Fences
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34
Q

Define Two-handed control devices?

A

Two-handed tripping and controlling devices are used in jobs where employees are required to reach into the area of the point of operation.
An example of a two-handed control is a press.
The advantages of two-handed controls over fixed guards are that they:
• Are openly visible when being operated
• Are usually easy to operate
The disadvantages of two-handed controls are that they:
• Only protect the operator and do not serve as protection for other employees or passers-by
• Can be bypassed easily

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35
Q

Define Remote control devices?

A

Remote control devices operate on the same principle as two•- handed controls. Two-handed controls provide for controlling the movement of the hands only, while remote controls allow for the movement of the total body of the employee who is located at a safe distance from the hazard or the dangerous area.
Examples of remote-control devices include using wireless technology to allow operators to control and monitor machinery without being in close proximity thereof.
The advantages of remote-control devices are that they:
• Protect the user from being in direct contact with a machine
• Can be a cost-effective means to safeguard certain machinery
The disadvantages of these devices are that they:
• May be clumsy or awkward to manipulate, especially with larger machinery
• May give the user a false sense of security regarding the dangers of a machine

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36
Q

Define Pullback or pull-out devices?

A

Pullback or pull-out devices remove the hands or any part of the employee’s body from the point of operation before the machine starts its motion.
An example of a pullback or pull-out being used as a safeguarding device is that found on both full- and part- revolution power presses.
Advantages of pullback or pull-out devices include:
• They provide the user with flexibility of their body when working the machine
• Freedom to move more easily means less chance of coming into contact with components
Disadvantages of pullback or pull-out devices include:
• The devices may not function properly since they can be bypassed
• They can lull the user into a false sense of security

37
Q

Define Trip devices?

A

A trip device is a form of protection that switches the machine off when its motion sensor detects that there is movement or contact in a dangerous area or part of the machinery.
Examples of trip devices include light curtains, pressure-sensitive mats and tripwires.
The main advantages of trip devices are that they:
• Do not impede visibility even when in use
• Should allow for easy access Their disadvantages are:
• These devices are technically quite complex and need to be maintained accordingly, which
can be expensive and require certain expertise.
• A failure in the system may not always be apparent and may, therefore, not protect the worker from the hazards of the machine.

38
Q

Define Restrains?

A

Restraints keep the employee from entering the point of operation at any time.

39
Q

Define Enclosures?

A

Are physical guards or barriers mounted on or around a hazard

40
Q

Define Fences?

A

It’s an enclosure

41
Q

Define static Electricity?

A

Occurs when electrons leap between two objects that have opposing electric charges. Static electricity is the result of an imbalance between negative and positive charges in an object.

42
Q

What are the Workplaces or processes that can be ideal for the build-up of static electricity?

A
  • Dry, hot workplaces such as bakeries, mills and glass-making factories
  • Gas and fuel pipelines
  • Conveyor belt systems
  • Any machinery with moving components and significant heat build-up
  • Workplaces with high concentrations of synthetic materials
  • Storage facilities with conductive materials and possible ignition hazards
43
Q

What is the colour of a Three-phase electrical connection?

A
  • Live – any colour other than green or green/yellow that is clearly distinguishable from black
  • Neutral – black
  • Earth – copper or green, green/yellow combination
44
Q

Explain what a fuse is?

A

The general method of preventing overloading of a circuit is by using fuses and circuit breakers. Fuses are designed with wire or a strip of metal that melts at a certain level of heat.

45
Q

What is Over–fusing?

A

Fuses must never be replaced with fuses that can take heavier current loads. This will prevent the tripping action, which is a safety feature of any electric circuit.

46
Q

How does Arc Flash occur?

A

This flash occurs when a flashover of electric current leaves its intended path and travels through the air from one conductor to another, or to the ground

47
Q

What are the dangers of an Arc Flash?

A
  • Burns (for example, non-flame retarded clothing can burn onto the skin)
  • Heat (upwards of 4000°C)
  • Fire (this can spread quite rapidly due to an arc flash)
  • Blast pressure (upwards of 900 kilograms per square foot)
  • Sound blast (the noise can reach 140 decibels – as loud as a gun)
  • Flying objects (in the form of molten metal such as copper)
  • Very bright intense light that can damage the eyes
48
Q

Define a Lockout-Tag-Out system?

A

Lockout is the disruption of any power source so that specific work can be undertaken safely on machinery or a given process.

49
Q

Name a few General Electrical Safety Checklists?

A
  • Ensure an electrical installation is safe
  • Reduce the voltage
  • Underground power cables
  • Overhead power lines
  • Carry out preventive maintenance
  • Provide safe and suitable equipment
  • Competency and training
50
Q

Give some examples of working at heights?

A
  • Roof work
  • Cleaning of window buildings and building exteriors
  • Working over tanks and pits
  • At the edge of elevated structures
  • On top of vehicles or trailers
  • Other work on freestanding structures
51
Q

What are some of the risks of working at heights?

A
  • Cuts and bruises
  • Sprains
  • Broken bones/fractures
  • Concussion
  • Internal organ damage
  • Paralysis
  • Death
52
Q

What should a Fall Protection plan include?

A
  • The plan must be available at the work site before work commences, wherever there is a potential for a worker to fall from a height.
  • There must a competent person that compiles the fall protection plan which is site specific.
  • All workers performing work at heights must be competent and in possession of a valid medical fitness certificates.
  • The plan must identify all potential and significant hazards regarding the work being undertaken at height.
  • The rules regarding the handling, storage and securing of all tools and material to be used at heights must be duly listed.
  • Overhead protection measures must also be addressed.
  • Procedures to follow in the event of a worker getting injured from or at a height.
  • Rescue operations that may be needed in the event of an injured or trapped worker at or from a height.
  • Contact numbers for emergency services.
53
Q

Name The four types of statutorily mandated scaffolds?

A 
• Trestle scaffold
• Inclined scaffold
• Putlog scaffold
• Suspended scaffold
(TIPS)
54
Q

Define Suspended Scaffold and give an example?

A

This is a work platform hanging from overhead support points by means of one or more separate suspensions from each support point. This type of scaffold is used for repairs to buildings or for maintenance work such as washing windows.

55
Q

Define Inclined scaffold/ramp and give an example?

A

A scaffold erected with a gradient of not more than 34 degrees, for the purpose of loading animals or equipment onto vehicles, or for unloading purposes.

56
Q

Define Trestle scaffolds and give an example?

A

Are used often where work is carried out at low levels. The working platform is supported on movable trestles or tripods. It is used up to a height of 5m and is normally used for work inside a room such as repairs or painting.

57
Q

Define putlog scaffold?

A

May also be called a bricklayer’s scaffold. As such, the scaffold consists only of a single row of standards with a ledger. The putlogs are transoms – attached to the ledger at one end but integrated into the bricks at the other.

58
Q

Define DMR 18 (11)?

A

Lifting gear

59
Q

What are the Fundamentals regarding workers who operate or work around lifting gear?

A
  • Operators of lifting equipment must be trained in accordance with the applicable legislation.
  • Hand signals, in accordance with international codes, must be used.
  • The signalman must be visible to the operator at all times.
  • Except for emergency stop signals, the operator should only obey signals from the rigger.
  • Slack must be taken up before lifting starts.
  • No one may walk under an overhead load.
  • General training should be provided regarding checks and reports; bells or warning signals; lifting methods, slinging etc.; dangerous situations, hand signals and other relevant safety aspects and rules.
60
Q

What are the Fundamentals regarding the inspection of lifting gear include?

A

• Inspections must be carried out by a suitably qualified and competent person.
• All checks and inspections must be recorded meaningfully, i.e. not with ticks or crosses, but descriptive words indicating status of item.
• All defects noted must be commented on with recommended action stated.
• Visual checks and inspections of all lifting gear should be done on the required basis:
o The three-monthly inspection of lifting tackle, which can be done by a person who has the requisite knowledge and experience;
o A six-monthly inspection of all ropes, chains and hooks; and
o The annual load test, which must be done by an approved lifting machinery inspector.
• The operating mechanism must be fully inspected and serviced annually and should include:
o Testing all components of the gear, for example, the drum, sheave, pistons, lubrication, controls, insertion points and castors.
o A load test to 110% – note that weights that exceed the maximum load should not be used as this stresses the equipment, which could then fail at a later date.
• All inspection and test findings must be documented in a register.

61
Q

Define PER19?

A

Fire Exstinguishers

62
Q

Give examples of Pressure equipment?

A
  • A steam generator
  • Pressure vessel
  • Piping
  • Fire extinguisher
  • An accumulator
  • Hot water geyser
  • Hyperbaric chamber
  • Pressure accessory and safety accessory
63
Q

What are the Important safety measures for pressurised systems?

A

All pressurised systems and must be recorded in a register with appropriate certificates available.
• All inspections and tests must be carried out in accordance with legislation by a suitably qualified person.
• All pressure vessels must be identified by a manufacturer’s plate and company identification.

64
Q

What are the Basic safety features for Gas installations and gas cylinders?

A

• All portable gas cylinders, both full and empty, must be stored correctly as per legislation (see diagrams in this regard).
• Flashback arrestors and gauges must be
fitted to oxygen, LPG (liquid petroleum gas) welding sets and acetylene welding sets.
• All gas installations and equipment must be in a safe condition and recorded in a register.
• There must be adequate fire equipment in close proximity to all gas installations and bulk storage of gas cylinders.
• Operators must be trained properly.
• Please note that refrigeration systems and bulk gas installations can be highly complex systems, which can create significant safety risks for a site. They also often constitute major hazardous installations under South African law, and, as such, further reading on these hazardous installations should be done if so required.

65
Q

What is the anatomy of fire?

A
  • Oxygen
  • Fuel
  • Heat
66
Q

Define combustion?

A

Is an energetic reaction that requires heat, material, oxygen and a chemical reaction

67
Q

Define Fuel (material)?

A

Any material that can burn

68
Q

Define Oxygen?

A

The atmosphere consists of 21% oxygen, and 79%

nitrogen and other gases.

69
Q

Define Heat?

A

It’s a form of energy

70
Q

Define Flammable liquids?

A

Combustible liquids are liquids with flashpoints higher than 60°C but lower than 93.3°C.

71
Q

What are the two categories that Flammable liquids?

A
  • High flashpoint (higher than 37.8°C but lower than 60°C).

* Low flashpoint (lower than 37.8°C).

72
Q

Define Flashpoint?

A

lowest temperature at which the substance (fuel) will release sufficient vapours to cause a flash or flame

The flashpoint of a substance is the lowest temperature at which the substance (fuel) will release sufficient vapours to cause a flash or flame if it comes into contact with an ignition source and if the vapours are mixed in the right proportion with oxygen.

73
Q

Fire can spread in two ways, namely?

A
  • Direct spreading of flames, and

- Indirect heat transfer.

74
Q

Name the main ways of Direct spreading of flames?

A
  • Flames spreading over a surface
  • Falling objects
  • Two examples of the way fire can spread from falling objects are the following
  • Airborne pieces of burning material due to convection
75
Q

Give an example of Flames spreading over a surface?

A

A veld fire is a good example of flames that spread from the ignition source to other flammable material by means of flammable substances on the surface, which also occurs with other types of vegetation or with liquids that may be lighter than water.

76
Q

Give examples of Falling objects with regards to the direct spreading of flames?

A

Two examples of the way fire can spread from falling objects are the following: items stacked near other flammable items that are on fire fall over and ignite the stacks in their immediate environment, and parts of a burning object that break off and fall to a lower level.

77
Q

Give examples of Airborne pieces of burning material due to convection?

A

Convection, which is the upward movement of hot air, can lift burning particles of fuel and bear them through the air. The material can carry the flame, come into contact with another material that has a lower ignition temperature than the heat of the flame, and further exacerbate the fire

78
Q

Name the main ways of Indirect heat transfer?

A
  • Radiation
  • Conduction
  • Convection/heat currents
79
Q

Define Radiation?

A

Think rays. Radiation occurs if a heat source emits (radiates) sufficient heat and the radiant effect is strong enough to ignite material. Oily rags placed in close proximity to an industrial oven can catch alight through radiant heat.

80
Q

Define Conduction?

A

Think touch. Certain types of material, for example, steel, copper and iron, conduct heat more readily than others. A fire may start when heat energy is released at one point of a conductive object and sufficient heat is conducted to another point of the object that touches flammable material.

81
Q

Define Convection/heat currents?

A

Think currents. As stated above, convection refers to the upwards movement of hot air. The heat of a fire in a storeroom can, for instance, move through a stairwell or ventilation system to another part of a site and in this way cause a fire there too.

82
Q

Fires are classified according to the type of fuel (material) that causes or is instrumental to the fire. In South Africa, the five basic classes are?

A 
Class A – Organic
Class B – Flammable liquids
Class C – Electrical
Class D – Metals
Class F – Cooking oils/fat
83
Q

Define the classes of fires and the correct fire extinguishers to use in each class?

A

Class A – Organic
Fires where ordinary solid flammable materials are present – for example, vegetation, paper, plastic, wood and textiles (i.e. organic materials).
Extinguisher: Water, foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide and wet chemical.

Class B – Flammable liquids
Fires where flammable liquids, lubricants and gases are present; for example, alcohol, benzene, oils, paraffin and petrol.
Extinguisher: Foam, dry chemical, carbon dioxide and wet chemical.

Class C – Electrical
These are fires of the A, B and D type in the presence of live electrical installations or equipment, for example, electric cables, generators, transformers, switchboards or electric sockets.
Extinguisher: Dry chemical, carbon dioxide and wet chemical.

Class D – Metals
Fires where metals are present, for example, magnesium, aluminium, sodium, potassium and lithium.
Extinguisher: No.

Class F – Cooking oils/fat
Fires that involve cooking oils, trans fats or fats in cooking appliances.
Extinguisher: No.

84
Q

Define BBS (Behaviour-based security)?

A

BBS can be defined as reinforcing change to existing unsafe behaviours in the workplace. BBS helps to identify the cause of unsafe behaviours and then applies techniques to eliminate or minimise this behaviour.

85
Q

What are the attributes of a safety culture?

A
  • Safety norms are held as values by all employees
  • Each individual behaves responsibly toward safety issues
  • Each individual is willing, able and enabled to go beyond the call of duty to ensure compliance with safety standards
  • Employee empowerment becomes a norm
  • Increased productivity
  • Decreased absenteeism
  • Decreased accident rates
  • Increased employee morale
  • Increased staff retention
  • Improved job satisfaction
  • Enhanced organisational competitiveness
  • Decrease in accident and ill health costs
  • Improved near miss reporting
  • Leadership by example
86
Q

Critical behaviour is central to the BBS ethos. It is with regards to a behaviour that?

A
  • Has led to a large number of injuries or near misses in the past; or
  • Could potentially contribute to a large number of injuries or near misses because many employees perform the behaviour; or
  • Has previously led to a serious injury or a fatality; or
  • Could lead to a serious injury or fatality.
87
Q

What is safety leadership?

A

social process of influencing people to work voluntarily and persistently toward a purposeful group or organisational goals, thereby creating a safe working environment

88
Q

What are the core elements of safety leadership?

A
  • Act as a role model – ‘lead by example’.
  • Provide the necessary resources to ensure that safety practices are possible.
  • Provide the necessary environment, which can ensure that a proactive safety culture is achieved.
  • Motivate employees to behave safely.
  • Monitor safety performance as required.
  • Instil a sense of achievement and pride amongst all employees.

Greek language (15 decks)

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