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Greek language > ST2 > Flashcards

ST2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the overall objectives of occupational health services are embodied in five principles, the terminology of which is derived from that used to discuss the health for all concept, regarding occupational health?

A 
The adaptive principle
The protection & prevention principle
The health promotion principle
The curative & rehabilitative principle
The primary health care principle

(i) The adaptive principle: Adapting work and the work environment to the capabilities of workers.
(ii) The protection and prevention principle: Protecting workers’ health against hazards at work.
(iii) The health promotion principle: Promoting the physical and psycho-social well-being of workers.
(iv) The curative and rehabilitative principle: Minimising the consequences of occupational hazards, accidents and injuries, and occupational and related diseases.
(v) The primary health care principle: Providing limited general health care services for workers at the workplace.

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2
Q

Citation is considered as a?

A

Legal Reference

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3
Q

The concept ‘fitness to work’ implies?

A

That an occupation has inherent health requirements that need to be met by a person in that occupation in order to minimise the risk of injury or illness to self or others.

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4
Q

Occupational health in most organisations in South Africa comprises of three principal areas/components, namely?

A
  • Occupational hygiene
  • Occupational medicine
  • Primary health care (PHC)
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5
Q

Occupational health in SA consist of what?

A
  • Occupational Hygiene (Stressors in the workplace)
  • Occupational Medicine (Employee’s Health in the workplace)
  • Primary Health Care (Prevention and Rehabilitation of Health Issues)
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6
Q

Principles of Occupational Hygiene?

A
  • Measurement
  • Identification
  • Control
  • Evaluation
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7
Q

Principles of Occupational Medicine?

A
  • Medical surveillance programme
  • Compliance with the legislative requirements
  • Occupational health risk profile
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8
Q

Principles of Primary health care?

A
  • Life education
  • Early identification of illness/disease
  • Chronic disease management
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9
Q

What are the five main stages to occupational hygiene?

A
  • The anticipation stage, i.e. the awareness stage
  • The identification stage, i.e. the recognition phase
  • The evaluation stage, i.e. the measurement phase
  • The control stage, i.e. the improvement phase
  • The assurance stage, i.e. the review phase
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10
Q

What are the most important principles of an occupational hygiene programme?

A
  • It must be aligned with and designed around the actual nature of the organisation’s operations and processes (i.e. its reality).
  • It needs to be an ongoing, dynamic and organic programme based on the actual needs of the organisation,
  • The programme will require continuous data collection to identify and assess the levels of all stressors in the workplace.
  • A data storage system is needed that will permit the retrieval of information to effectively assess the relevance of the data being collected.
  • There needs to be a periodic and thorough review of worker exposure and health reports to detect possible new stressors and reassess known stressors where needed.
  • The programme must also serve as a retrospective record or archive of all stressors in the workplace and the controls thereof.
  • At all times, it needs to be executed professionally by all those required to ensure that occupational hygiene is addressed in the workplace.
  • Integration of occupational hygiene with the overall occupational health service and risk management programmes is critical so that all controls can be properly evaluated and changed as and when needed.
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11
Q

Who is responsible for identifying, assessing and controlling health hazards (i.e. stressors) in the workplace?

A

Occupational hygienists

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12
Q

What are the Typical functions of the occupational hygienist?

A
  • Undertake workplace surveys.
  • Assess risks to health arising from many different factors/stressors.
  • Accurately measure and sample levels of exposure, often through precise use of specialist equipment.
  • Recommend remedies or control methods regarding stressors and related risks.
  • Compile data, write reports and present report findings to management/clients.
  • Liaise with a wide range of people, including management and employees.
  • Train employees on relevant occupational hygiene and related issues.
  • Work as part of a team to meet health and safety objectives.
  • Keep up to date with scientific and legal developments
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13
Q

Name some of the Sampling methods and principles?

A
  1. Personal monitoring
  2. Static monitoring
  3. Worst-case sampling.
  4. Number of samples/sample range
  5. Frequency and duration of sampling
  6. Worker determination factors
  7. Different methods of sampling
  8. Interpretation of results
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14
Q

Define Personal monitoring?

A

Is the measurement of a specific employee’s exposure to a given stressor.

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15
Q

Define Static monitoring?

A

To determine the efficiency of control measures and where concentrations are uniform.

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16
Q

Define Worst-case sampling?

A

Workers who are suspected of greatest exposure to a given hazard (stressor) should be given priority in a monitoring strategy.

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17
Q

Define Number of samples/sample range?

A

As a rule, workers can be divided into populations and sub-populations by considering their type of work, work environment and shifts.

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18
Q

Define Frequency and duration of sampling?

A

Monitoring must be repeated as required by legislation.

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19
Q

Define Worker determination factors?

A

Several factors influence the choice of an employee for monitoring regarding Work Determination Factor. These can include:
• Proximity of the employee to the source of contamination.
• Their mobility, i.e. to determine whether they are constantly exposed to a given stressor or only occasionally.
• Work practices that may increase or decrease stressors to which the employee may be exposed.

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20
Q

Define Different methods of sampling?

A
  • Direct-reading methods

- Indirect-reading methods

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21
Q

Define the Interpretation of results?

A
  • Identification: What substance or stressor was found?

* Concentration: How much of the stressor is there?

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22
Q

There are usually specific conclusions that can be drawn from the sampling, namely?

A
  • No exposure (within detection limits of analysis).
  • Acceptable exposure (below-recognised exposure levels).
  • Over-exposure (above recognised exposure levels).
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23
Q

What are some of the responsibilities of the OHNP and OHMP?

A

(i) Complying with medical surveillance protocols, standards and requirements.
(ii) Complying with all occupational health-related statutory requirements.
(iii) Doing medical examinations.
(iv) Ensuring the confidentiality of employees’ medical and personal information.
(v) Reporting occupational diseases, injuries, needle stick injuries, Hepatitis B patients or those with other infectious diseases to the Compensation Commissioner.
(vi) Reporting hazardous conditions in the workplace to the relevant parties, including management.
(vii) Recording the findings of medical examinations according to the applicable standard.
(viii) Analysing the findings of medical information according to the applicable standard.
(ix) Giving training on health issues and promotion of good health to employees.
(x) Partaking in health-related risk assessments when needed.
(xi) Suggesting possible controls for given health hazards and related risks

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24
Q

Biological monitoring is considered?

A

Invasive.

Examples: Skin swab, biopsy, lung function test, urine and stool sample, hair, DNA, cancer screen and HIV.

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25
Q

Medical testing is considered as being?

A

Non-Invasive

Examples: x-rays, MRI/CAT scan, eye test, fitness exam, hand-arm assessment and reflex test.

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26
Q

What is the purpose of an occupational risk exposure profile (OREP)?

A

To determine the nature and extent of the medical surveillance that needs to be performed.

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27
Q

What is an OREP?

A

Is the formal documentation of the results of a hazard identification and risk assessment that has been formulated for a single occupational exposure group (i.e. a job category) or even specific employees.

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28
Q

What do an OHMP and OHNP need to be completed to develop an OREP?

A
  1. Health risk assessments relevant to the employee or group of employees.
  2. Person-job specification (still often referred to in industry as the ‘man-job’ specification).
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29
Q

What is meant by an ‘at-risk’ employee?

A

Is that employee who will require more medical surveillance owing to either their more hazardous type of work or work environment, or to their specific physical condition or demographic

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30
Q

Give a few examples of an ‘at-risk’ employee?

A 
•	Construction workers
•	Workers in smelting processes
•	Chemical workers
•	Sanitation workers
•	Work in confined spaces
•	Work in hazardous locations
•	Working at heights
•	Pilots
Including, Pregnant woman and lone workers
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31
Q

Define PHC (Primary health care)?

A

As essential healthcare that is both preventative, i.e. the proactive means by which good occupational health is maintained; and curative, i.e. the reactive means of providing first aid and trying to limit disability and, thereafter, rehabilitation if so required.

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32
Q

The principal benefits of the promotional and preventative aspects of PHC include?

A
  • Improved productivity
  • Reduced benefit costs
  • Reduced human resources and development c
  • Improved image of organisation
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33
Q

What is an EAP?

A

Employee assistance programme

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34
Q

What is the purpose of an EAP program in the workplace?

A

To improve organisational effectiveness and productivity by providing support and assistance to employees by providing proactive ways to improve and maintain their physical and mental health

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35
Q

In an EAP, there are three types of referrals, name them?

A
  • Self-referral
  • Informal referral
  • Formal referral
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36
Q

Define Toxicity?

A

A toxin is a poisonous substance capable of causing disease at the tissue, organ, systemic and even cellular levels when introduced into the body.

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37
Q

Define Toxicology?

A
  • Is “the science of poisons”.

- Is “the study if adverse effects of chemicals or physical agents on living organisms”.

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38
Q

Explain S.L.A.C with regards to the route of absorptions of toxic effect?

A
  • Systemic effects
  • Local effect
  • Acute effects
  • Chronic effects
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39
Q

Define Systemic effects?

A

Are toxic effects in tissues distant from the route of absorption, i.e. they have a toxic impact on a given system in the body, such as the neurological system or cardiovascular system.

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40
Q

Define Local effect?

A

Occur primarily at the route of absorption, i.e. the toxic effect is mostly local.

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41
Q

Define Acute effects?

A

Exposure is characterised by sharpness or severity with a rapid onset and a relatively short duration. Acute effects occur after limited exposure and are immediate with a serious reaction such as unconsciousness or burns.

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42
Q

Define Chronic effects?

A

Exposed to a low concentration for prolonged periods of time (months, years, even decades).

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43
Q

Define Exposure limits?

A

Can be referred to as occupational exposure limits (OELs) or threshold limit values (TLVs).

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44
Q

Define BEI and explain?

A

The biological exposure index is a value for assessing biological monitoring results, intended as a reference guideline for the likelihood of adverse health effects

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45
Q

Define OEL and explain?

A

The Occupational Exposure Limit - OEL is the daily limit to which an average employee can be exposed for a normal shift of 8 hours per day, 5 days a week without suffering any ill effects.

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46
Q

Define OEL ceiling limit or “ceiling limit “or “C”?

A

Means the maximum or peak airborne concentration of an HCA determined over the shortest analytically practicable period of time, which does not exceed 15 minutes.

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47
Q

Define OEL eight-hour time-weighted average or “TWA”?

A

OEL eight-hour time-weighted average or “TWA”: means the maximum average airborne concentration of an HCA when calculated over an eight-hour working day for a five-day working week.

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48
Q

Define OEL-RL or “occupational exposure restricted limit”?

A

“occupational exposure restricted limit”: means an HCA as listed in Table 3 of Annexure 2

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49
Q

Define OEL-short-term exposure limit or “STEL”?

A

Means the time-weighted average maximum airborne concentration of an HCA calculated over a 15-minute period.

50
Q

What are the four ways in which a contaminant or toxin can enter the human body?

A
  1. Inhalation: Breath in (vapour, gas, fumes, dust)
  2. Ingestion: Eat it
  3. Skin absorption: Touch it
  4. Injection: Right in (Hazardous substance)
51
Q

What are some of the classes of Toxins?

A
  1. Sensitizers: Think allergy: This is a toxin that causes an allergic reaction to certain people, for example, wood dust and various food allergies.
  2. Asphyxiants: Think suffocation: for example, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide.
  3. Irritants: Think annoying: example, hydrogen chloride and ammonia. Also, the mucous membranes of the nose and eyes and respiratory irritation such as burning of the airways (chlorine and caustic chemicals).
  4. Anaesthetics and narcotics: Think sleep: for example, acetylene and ethylene.
  5. Teratogen: Think baby: for example, X-rays.
  6. Embryotoxins: Think mother: Examples are mercury compounds, lead, cadmium and radiation.
  7. Carcinogens: Think cancer: Carcinogens, example, benzene, toluene, chromium VI, nicotine and aspartame.
  8. Mutagens: Think genes: for example, bromine, sodium azide and gamma-ray radiation.
52
Q

What are some of the classes of Toxins?

A
  • Sensitizers
  • Asphyxiants
  • Irritants
  • Anaesthetics and narcotics
  • Teratogen
  • Embryotoxins
  • Carcinogens
  • Mutagens
53
Q

Name a few examples of HCA’s?

A 
Fumes
Mist
Gases
Vapours
Aerosols
54
Q

Name the dust-related diseases?

A
  1. Pneumonitis
  2. Silicosis
  3. Mesothelioma
  4. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
  5. Chronic bronchitis
  6. Emphysema
  7. Contact dermatitis
  8. Asbestosis
  9. Pneumonitis: An extensive accumulation of dust particles in the lungs together with the resultant tissue reaction is referred to as pneumonitis.
  10. Silicosis: Silicosis is a chronic disease that develops with over-exposure to silica dusts. It is characterised by generalised fibrotic changes, lung scars, shortness of breath and lessened capacity for work.
  11. Mesothelioma: Mesothelioma is characterised by masses of fibrous tissue that start to develop at the base of the lung and slowly progress upwards. The active lung tissue is replaced by inactive scar tissue that reduces the lung volume, resulting in shortness of breath and fatigue, and possible death.
  12. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): COPD is closely associated with cigarette smoking. This term is used to describe three inter-related disorders: chronic bronchitis, emphysema and chronic airflow limitation.
  13. Chronic bronchitis: Chronic bronchitis occurs due to the inflammation of airways and the resultant mucus gland hyperplasia.
  14. Emphysema: This condition can eventually develop due to the destruction of the gas exchange tissue of the lung as a consequence of a chronic inflammatory response due to environmental exposures.
  15. Contact dermatitis: Dust can also cause itching or irritation to the skin, which can become a chronic condition if not treated properly.
  16. Asbestosis: A long term inflammation and scarring of the lungs due to the prolonged exposure and inhalation of asbestos fibres
55
Q

The benefits of implementing a Globally Harmonized System (GHS) of classification are?

A

a) Helps in preventive and protective precautions
b) Provides maximum value to the adopted regulatory system
c) Enhances overall protection
d) Recognizes regulations
e) Reduces the need for testing, and
f) Helps to facilitate safer international trade

56
Q

Name the Physical Hazards Pictograms?

A 
GHS01: Explosive
GHS02: Flammable
GHS03: Oxidizing
GHS04: Compressed Gas
GHS05: Corrosive
57
Q

Name the Health Hazards Pictograms?

A

GHS06: Toxin
GHS07: Harmful
GHS08: Health Hazard

58
Q

Name the physical and health hazard Pictograms?

A

GHS05: Corrosive

59
Q

Name the environmental hazard pictograms?

A

GHS09: Environmental hazard

60
Q

Regulation ERW3 is?

A

Illumination

61
Q

What are the Factors that influence illumination?

A
  • Quantity
  • Quality
  • The direction of the light
  • The colour of the light

• Quantity: The amount of illumination that produces brightness on the task and surroundings (as measured in lux)
• Quality: The distribution of brightness in a visual environment, which includes:
- The degree of glare and contrast
- Diffusion
• The direction of the light
• The colour of the light

62
Q

Explain the advantages of Good Illumination?

A
  1. Preserving human energy
  2. Decreasing the risk of accidents
  3. Increasing productivity
  4. Preserving human energy (Being able to see saves a lot of energy. A tired employee cannot perform well and does not motivate others).
  5. Decreasing the risk of accidents (Poor lighting contributes to the occurrence of accidents. Accidents result in a loss of production, suffering and cost money. Good lighting can contribute to the prevention of accidents).
  6. Increasing productivity (increase in the correct lighting has led to an increase in productivity).
63
Q

Define NIHLR9?

A

Noise Zone

64
Q

Name the four groups that noise can be classified into?

A
  1. Continuous noise
  2. Interrupted / Intermittent noise
  3. Impulse noise
  4. Low frequency noise
65
Q

Industrial noise is also known as?

A

Occupational Noise

66
Q

Examples of processes or machinery that may contribute to industrial noise include?

A
  • Smelting furnaces
  • Compressors
  • Steam generators (Boilers)
  • Overhead cranes
  • Workshop machinery
  • Portable machinery
  • Cooling systems and ducts
  • Vents and venting systems
  • Fuel operated driven machinery such as forklifts and cherry pickers etc.
67
Q

The health risks of noise can be divided into two basic groups according to their effect on humans?

A
  1. Auditory effects
    • Temporary threshold shift
    • Noise-induced hearing loss
  2. non-auditory effects
    - Wide range of effects on the human body
68
Q

Define Temporary threshold shift?

A

Occurs immediately after exposure to significant loud noise. Quiet sounds can no longer be heard and the condition may last for minutes to hours, the result is short-term and reversible (Acute).

69
Q

Define Noise-induced hearing loss?

A

The principal health-related effect of noise exposure is known as noise-induced hearing loss. Excessive noise can destroy the ear’s ability to hear, and the result is long-term and irreversible (Chronic).

70
Q

What does IAQ stand for?

A

Indoor air quality

71
Q

Define ERW5?

A

Ventilation

72
Q

What are the two types of ventilation?

A
  • General ventilation (Blowing Action)

- Local exhaust ventilation (LEV).

73
Q

Explain general ventilation?

A

Reduces airborne concentrations of chemicals by diluting the workplace air with cleaner air from outside. General ventilation can effectively remove large amounts of hot or humid air, or dilute low concentrations of low toxicity contaminants. General ventilation does not eliminate exposure to airborne contaminants and is especially unsuitable for fumes or dusts.

74
Q

Explain a LEV system?

A

LEV removes the contaminant rather than diluting it. This type of ventilation is only effective if it is located close to the source of the hazard.

75
Q

A LEV system has five key components?

A
  • A fan or a blower that draws in contaminated air.
  • A hood that allows the effective capture of the contaminant.
  • A system of ducts that transport the contaminated air away from the workplace.
  • An air-cleaning device that removes the contaminants from the air.
  • A source of make-up air that replaces the air removed from the workplace.
76
Q

Define ERW2?

A

Thermal Conditions

77
Q

What are the Conditions caused by excessive heat?

A
  1. Heatstroke (Excessive heat exposure)
  2. Heat exhaustion (Dehydration)
  3. Dehydration (Excess fluid loss)
  4. Heat Syncope (Pooling of blood)
  5. Heat Cramps (Electrolyte imbalance)
  6. Heat Rash (Uninterrupted sweating)
78
Q

What are the Conditions caused by excessive cold?

A
  1. Hypothermia (prolonged exposure to extreme cold)
  2. Frostbite (Exposure to extreme cold - below freezing), and nose (the body’s extremities).
  3. Cold urticaria (Exposure to frigid air, damp and windy conditions).
  4. Chilblains (Usually due to repeated exposure to cold - but not freezing) air).
79
Q

Radiation can be divided into two main types?

A
  • Ionising radiation

* Non-ionising radiation

80
Q

Define Ionising radiation?

A

High-frequency end of the electromagnetic spectrum, which means that it has the shortest wavelength. High levels of radiation can kill cells, resulting in radiation burns, cancer-related conditions and possible death. Change DNA (X-ray and Gamma-ray)

81
Q

What are the effects of Ionising radiation?

A
  • Carcinogen: Cause/ aggravate cancer
  • Embryo toxin: Affect the unborn foetus
  • Mutagen: Damage or changes to DNA cell structure.
82
Q

Define Non- ionising radiation?

A

Low end of the electromagnetic frequency spectrum. It lacks the energy required to cause ionisation but can cause molecules to vibrate. (UV Radiation, Lasers, Microwave and high radio frequency and radio frequency)

83
Q

What is vibration?

A

Is the mechanical oscillations of an object about an equilibrium point.

84
Q

What are the two main effects of vibration?

A
  • Hand-arm vibration exposure.

* Whole-body vibration exposure.

85
Q

Explain Hand-arm vibration exposure?

A

When a worker operates hand-held equipment such as a chain saw or jackhammer, vibration affects hands and arms. Hand-arm vibration causes damage to hands and fingers. It appears as damage to blood vessels, nerves and joints in the fingers.

86
Q

Hand-arm vibration signs and symptoms?

A
  • attacks of whitening (blanching) of one or more fingers when exposed to cold
  • tingling and loss of sensation in the fingers
  • loss of light touch
  • pain and cold sensations between periodic white finger attacks
  • loss of grip strength
  • bone cysts in fingers and wrists
87
Q

Explain Whole-body vibration exposure?

A

When a worker sits or stands on a vibrating floor or seat, the vibration exposure affects almost the entire body

88
Q

Upper limb disorder (ULD) symptoms?

A

Lower back pain
Early degeneration of spine
Herniated discs

89
Q

Name some Prevention methods for controlling exposure to vibration?

A
  • Anti-Vibration Tools
  • Mechanically isolate the vibrating source or surface to reduce exposure
  • ‘Passive vibration isolation’ refers to vibration isolation or mitigation of vibrations by passive techniques such as rubber pads or mechanical springs.
  • Install vibration damping seats
  • Ensure that equipment is well maintained to avoid excessive vibration
  • Safe Work Practices
  • Employee Education
  • Limit the time spent by workers on a vibrating surface
  • Anti-Vibration Gloves
90
Q

Define HAZARDOUS BIOLOGICAL AGENTS (HBA)?

A

Any micro-organisms, including those that have been genetically modified, pathogens, cells, cell cultures and human endoparasites that have the potential to provoke an infection.

91
Q

Define MICRO-ORGANISM?

A

Micro-organisms are micro-biological entities, cellular or non-cellular, capable of replication or of transferring genetical material.

92
Q

What are some sources of HBA?

A
  • Humans
  • Sewage and wastewater (Bacteria, Viruses, Fungi, Parasites and roundworms)
  • Rodents
  • Insects (Spiders, flies, bees and mosquitoes)
  • Organic dust (hay, fuel chips and straw)
  • Birds and Bats
  • Cooling towers and air conditioners (legionnaires)
  • Mould and fungal growth in buildings
93
Q

Define Ergonomics?

A

Can roughly be defined as the study of people in their working environment. More specifically, an ergonomist designs or modifies the work to fit the worker

94
Q

There are three major types of Ergonomic injuries and incidents?

A
  1. Cumulative Trauma Disorders (CTDs)
  2. Acute strains, sprains and pulls
  3. Incidents resulting from poor human factors environment
95
Q

Define Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) and give examples?

A 
MSDs are the leading cause of disability for people in their working years. It affects both upper extremities and the lower back areas. They can be caused by frequently working in a way that puts stress on the body, such as:
- Gripping
- Kneeling
- Lifting
- Squatting
- Applying force
- Repetitive movement
- Bending
- Working overhead
- Twisting
- Using vibrating equipment
- Working in awkward positions
- Over-reaching
Some examples of MSDs are:
     • Nerve disorders
     • Neuro-vascular  disorders
96
Q

What is the Ergonomics/Manual handling Assessment?

A 
In order to determine the risks and identify controls an ergonomics assessment should be conducted. During such an assessment, four main factors must be considered:
- Task
- Individual
- Load
- Environment 
(TILE)
97
Q

Explain Task with regards to manual handling assessment?

A

The task
Aspects to consider:
The task should be analysed to include all aspects, such as:
• the use of mechanical aids,
• the number of people involved,
• lifting techniques used,
• body posture,
• distance to carry or lift the load,
• excessive pulling and pushing,
• task done while seated,
• forceful exertions when using a piece of equipment or hand-tool,
• frequency of performing the task such as hitting a hammer for a long time and
• repeated or continuous contact with hard or sharp objects such as non-rounded desk edges or unpadded, narrow tool handles.
Other risk factors inherent in the job would include items such as work procedures, equipment, and workstation design.
These factors address the “how”, how is the task being done?
Controls: The task can be improved by changing the workstation, removal of obstacles, use of better lifting techniques, implementing job rotation, more than one person to lift a load, etc.

98
Q

Explain Individual with regards to manual handling assessment?

A

The individual
Aspects to consider: Risk factors inherent in the worker include physical, psychological and non-work- related activities that may present unique risk factors.
The individual’s ability to perform the task depends on characteristics such as age, gender, state of health, fitness. Vulnerable workers may be at higher risk and should also be considered.
Controls: The capabilities of the individual worker must be assessed in order to place the right person with the right task. It is also a good idea to send employees for regular health assessments, including fitness assessments. Special attention should be given to vulnerable groups and training adjusted to
accommodate them. Proper training should be provided to all individuals with proper supervision and information, as required in OHSA 8.

99
Q

Explain Load with regards to manual handling assessment?

A

The load
Aspects to consider: Aspects to include the weight of the load, the size of the load, the ability to grasp the load, the content of the load, the physical load – is it sharp, hot or cold?
Controls: Divide heavy / bigger loads to make it lighter, smaller or easier to grasp, provide handles, handholds or a sling to grasp the load, remove sharp edges or provide appropriate gloves for sharp or hot loads.

100
Q

Explain Individual with regards to manual handling assessment?

A

The working environment
Aspects to consider: The physical environment in which tasks are performed may introduce risk factors, such as space constraints, slippery or uneven floors, extreme temperatures, lack of ventilation or too much ventilation, poor lighting.
Controls: The working environment can be improved by cleaning floors and work areas regularly, damaged floor areas should be repaired, adequate lighting should be provided and temperatures and ventilation should be suitable to the working environment.

101
Q

Give some examples of Mechanical lifting?

A
  • Cranes
  • Lifting tackle
  • Hoists
  • Conveyor belt
  • Forklift trucks
  • Trolleys
  • Wheelbarrow, and Pallet Jack
102
Q

Define Mental Health In The Workplace?

A

Psycho-social issues also comprise the stressors or triggers that can cause ill health for employees.
Mental health and its impact on worker productivity is a reality. A stressed, depressed, anxious or addicted employee is not going to perform at their optimal level and so their work will be affected negatively. Occupational health is simply not only about a healthy body – a healthy mind is equally important.

103
Q

The list of mental conditions is long and can include?

A
  • Anxiety disorders
  • Bipolar disorder
  • Borderline personality disorder
  • Depression
  • Dissociative disorders
  • Eating disorders
  • Major depressive disorder with a seasonal pattern
  • Obsessive compulsive disorder
  • Psychosis
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder
  • Risk of suicide
  • Self-harm
104
Q

Risks To Mental Health In The Workplace?

A

8.3 Risks To Mental Health In The Workplace
There are many workplace-related risks that can impact negatively on employee mental health, which encompasses stress, depression and other mental disorders. These risks can include:
• A punishing schedule that leaves an employee feeling overworked and burnt out
• Bullying and psychological harassment (also known as mobbing)
• A distant or uncaring corporate culture
• A blame culture
• Limited or no participation of employees in decision-making that affects them
• Employees that have little or no support from management
• Inflexible working hours and leave-related policies
• Unclear tasks or organisational objectives
• Multiple reporting lines for employees, with conflicting demands from managers
• Difficulty settling into a new job or new position within an organisation
• Concerns about job security
• A job with higher personal risk than others (for example, paramedics and construction work)
• A poor physical working environment, for example, excessive heat, cold or noise, inadequate lighting, uncomfortable seating and malfunctioning equipment
• Feeling like ‘big brother’ is watching, i.e. with increasing technology surveillance

105
Q

There are certain signs that may indicate that an employee is suffering a mental health issue. These signs can include?

A
  • Decline in productivity
  • Increased absenteeism
  • Poor time-keeping
  • Poor motivation levels
  • Listlessness/chronic fatigue
  • Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
  • Sudden weight loss or gain
  • Persistent sad, anxious, or ‘empty’ mood
  • Sleeping too much or chronic insomnia
  • Loss of interest in activities once enjoyed, including sex
  • Restlessness, irritability
  • Persistent physical symptoms that do not respond to treatment (such as headaches, chronic pain or digestive disorders)
  • Thoughts of suicide or death
106
Q

Define Stress?

A

The European Commission defines workplace stress as the pattern of emotional, cognitive, behavioural and physiological reactions to adverse and noxious aspects of work content, work organisation and the work environment.

107
Q

Define Depression?

A

Depression describes a range of symptoms:

  • a period of low spirits that makes coping with normal tasks harder,
  • to life-threatening thoughts and behaviours that can make it impossible to function.
  • may find it difficult to be motivated to complete tasks.
  • irritable,
  • easily frustrated or find it difficult to make decisions.

Depression describes a range of symptoms from a period of low spirits that makes coping with normal tasks harder, to life-threatening thoughts and behaviours that can make it impossible to function. An employee experiencing depression may find it difficult to be motivated to complete tasks. Depression is not only about looking sad – a person with depression can also be irritable, easily frustrated or find it difficult to make decisions.

108
Q

Define Anxiety?

A

Workplace anxiety occurs when a person develops fears, phobias or hypochondriac anxieties regarding their working condition and interacting with colleagues and management. The fear of being inadequate or being judged is also prevalent in those suffering this type of anxiety.

109
Q

There are different types of anxiety?

A 
- Generalised anxiety disorders 
•	Social phobia
•	Specific phobias
•	Obsessive compulsive disorders 
•	Post-traumatic stress disorder
•	Panic disorder
  • Generalised anxiety disorder: A person is anxious on most days regardless of what is going on in their life.
  • Social phobia: A person has an intense fear of being criticised, embarrassed or humiliated in any public setting, including at work.
  • Specific phobias: A person goes to extreme lengths to avoid a specific object or situation, for example, flying.
  • Obsessive compulsive disorder: A person has recurrent and persistent thoughts, images or impulses that are intrusive and unwanted, resulting in repetitive habits and quirks.
  • Post-traumatic stress disorder: This debilitating disorder follows a traumatic event, such as an assault, accident, death or disaster.
  • Panic disorder: Certain situations can induce a panic attack, which includes shortness of breath, chest pain and dizziness.
110
Q

Define Addiction?

A

the fact or condition of being addicted to a particular substance or activity.

Is a chronic, relapsing brain disease defined by a physical and psychological dependence on addictive substances, or a given behaviour or impulse.

111
Q

What are the man types of addictions?

A
  • Substance use Addictions
  • Behavioural Addictions
  • Impulse Disorders
112
Q

The signs of addiction tend to be gradual but progressive. Signs of possible addiction can include?

A
  • Erratic job performance
  • Taking time off for vague illnesses or family problems
  • A decline in personal appearance or hygiene
  • Irrational blaming of other mistakes made with work
  • Making light or joking about their addiction and how they are ‘in control’ of it
  • Openly talking about money problems
113
Q

What are some strategies for mental health with regard to the three-pronged approach for occupational mental health?

A
  • Protect mental health by reducing work- related risk factors.
  • Promote mental health by developing the positive aspects of work and the strengths of employees.
  • Address mental health problems regardless of cause.
114
Q

The following should form part of a mental health strategy by the management of an organisation?

A
  • mental health is important
  • mental health is not a taboo
  • No ‘culture of silence’
  • Listen to employees
  • Identify early signs of bullying and harassment
  • Access to training in interpersonal skills
  • Provide support to staff facing retrenchment
  • Be open to learning
  • Maintain confidentiality at all times
  • Make it clear that mental health is important to and respected by the organisation.
  • Ensure that mental health is not a taboo issue.
  • Cease any ‘culture of silence’ in the organisation.
  • Listen to what employees have to say about their work and working conditions/environment.
  • Identify early signs of bullying, mobbing and harassment and address them promptly.
  • Ensure there are strong, uncompromising policies regarding bullying, mobbing and harassment.
  • Provide access to training in interpersonal skills.
  • Provide support to staff facing retrenchments or other workplace changes.
  • Be open to learning from other organisations and their efforts regarding mental health.
  • Maintain confidentiality at all times.
115
Q

Define Fatigue?

A

fatigue is a state of mental and/or physical exhaustion that reduces a person’s ability to perform work safely and effectively.

“Fatigue is more than feeling tired and drowsy. In a work context, fatigue is a state of mental and/or physical exhaustion that reduces a person’s ability to perform work safely and effectively. It can occur because of prolonged or intense mental or physical activity, sleep loss and/or disruption of the internal body clock.”

116
Q

Define Physical fatigue?

A

Is the inability of the body to continue functioning at the level of one’s normal abilities. Simple physical tasks can become problematic with this type of fatigue.

Signs of physical fatigue include:
• Tiredness even after sleep
• Reduced hand-eye coordination or slow reflexes
• Blurred vision or impaired visual perception
• Need for extended sleep during days off work
• Fidgeting
• Rubbing eyes
• Repeated yawning
• Staring blankly
• Excessive blinking
• Difficulty keeping eyes open

117
Q

Define Mental/cognitive fatigue?

A

Manifests in sleepiness or slowness, including delayed reflexes. A person with mental fatigue may fall asleep or react very slowly to situations. Clear thinking can become impossible. Many fatigue-related major disasters have been due to mental fatigue.
Signs of mental/cognitive fatigue include:
• Negative mood
• Reduced ability to communicate effectively
• Slips and lapses in cognition
• Poor memory, especially short-term
• Inability to concentrate
• Reduced attention span
• Impaired problem-solving skills
• Increased risk-taking

118
Q

What are some of the causes of fatigue?

A

Fatigue can be caused by work-related or non-work-related factors, or a combination of both. These causes can include:
• Shift work, especially night work
• Inadequate time to recover between shifts
• Long hours of work or excess of hours due to overtime
• Long commuting times
• International or domestic travel across multiple time zones
• Excessive stress, whether work-related or private, e.g. family issues
• Mental health issues, including addictions that can cause or exacerbate fatigue
• Ill health, including medication that may cause or exacerbate fatigue

119
Q

What are the risk of fatigue?

A

The risks of fatigue are obvious – poor or impaired job performance, health risks to employees, near- misses (at best), incidents and, in the worst case, even major incidents can occur due to fatigue. The infographic that follows summarises five major human-caused disasters, all of which were the result in some way of fatigue:

FATIGUE AND MAJOR DISASTERS
Many major disasters have been caused entirely or significantly because of fatigue.

120
Q

What is a fatigue management plan?

A

Is a formal plan with policies and procedures that seeks to minimise the risk of harm from fatigue to employees in the workplace. Measures to minimise fatigue must be considered properly in open consultation with applicable managers, supervisors and employees

121
Q

Solutions that are considered as part of fatigue management could include?

A

• Detecting the first signs of fatigue is essential.
• Having a clear understanding of which employees/jobs may be prone to fatigue.
• Setting limits to hours of work or being on call.
• Having flexibility regarding shift work.
• Ensuring increased training and awareness of at-risk employees regarding fatigue.
• Allocating time and resources for sleep/napping for potentially fatigued employees.
• Ensuring that technology is available that can detect the early signs of fatigue in real-time.
• Having a frank, non-judgmental management attitude to addictions, i.e. drugs or caffeine, that may arise due to work-related fatigue.
• Involving the occupational health function in all solutions pertaining to fatigue.
Lastly, circadian rhythms (the body clock) are an especially important consideration in fatigue management.

122
Q

Ten of these trends in occupational health are?

A
  1. Stress fuels even more occupational health
  2. Greater emphasis on mental health
  3. Amplified wellness
  4. More sleep
  5. Welcome to the exposome
  6. Hygiene monitoring made easier
  7. Gamification
  8. Personalised health
  9. Stand and deliver
  10. Less work, more play

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