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SoBehav Year 2 > STATS REVIEW FACTS > Flashcards

STATS REVIEW FACTS Flashcards

1
Q

Critical Z-score for confidence level of 90%

A

1.65

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2
Q

Critical Z-score for confidence level of 95%

A

1.96

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3
Q

Critical Z-score for confidence level of 99%

A

2.58

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4
Q

How do you determine a confidence interval?

A

Mean +/- z-score(SE)

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5
Q

How do you determine standard error?

A

Standard deviation/ square root of the sample size (N)

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6
Q

What is special about a z-distribution?

A

It has an idealized mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1

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7
Q

Type 1 Error

A

Null is True, but rejected the null

*Said there was a difference when really there wasn’t one!

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8
Q

Type 2 Error

A

Null is false, but fail to reject the null

*Said there was no difference but there actually was!!!

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9
Q

What are the 3 main parts of the classical experiment?

A
  1. Independent and dependent variables
  2. Pre-testing & post-testing
  3. Control & Experimental Groups
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10
Q

Phase 1 of clinical trial

A

Safety & Side Effects

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11
Q

Phase 2 of clinical trial

A

Ideal dosing

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12
Q

Phase 3 of clinical trial

A

Experimental vs. Control

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13
Q

Phase 4 of clinical trial

A

Continued evaluation of FDA-approved therapy

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14
Q

What is the hawthorne effect?

A

Research attention affects behavior

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15
Q

What does double blind mean?

A

Both the researcher and respondents don’t know which person in control or experimental

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16
Q

External Invalidity

A

Applicability to the real world

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17
Q

Internal Invalidity

A

Anything other than the stimulus that influences results

  • history
  • Maturation
  • Testing
  • Instrumentation
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18
Q

Simple Random Sample

A

Need a list/Sample frame
Assign number
Select a random number

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19
Q

Systematic Random Sample

A
  • Determine number of elements needed
  • Divide population by sample number desired = “k”
  • List and number elements
  • RANDOMLY select start point
  • Select every K-th element within groups
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20
Q

Stratified

A

Random sample from sub populations

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21
Q

Cluster

A 
Cluster = groups of elements
Multistage = listing and sampling

**increases sampling error potential - two samples double the error opportunity!

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22
Q

Two ways to reduce sampling error

A
  • Increase sample size

- Increase homogeneity

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23
Q

What percent of the population falls with-in 1 standard deviation of the mean?

24
Q

What percent of the population falls with-in 2 standard deviations of the mean?

25
What percent of the population falls with-in 3 standard deviations of the mean?
99.7%
26
Prevalence
ppl w disease/ # of ppl at risk
27
Incidence
new ppl w disease/ 3 of ppl at risk (make sure to subtract ppl who previously contracted the disease)
28
Attack Rate
new cases/ # of ppl exposed
29
Secondary Attack Rate
new cases / (# exposed - # of primary cases)
30
Sensitivity
TP/ (TP + FN)
31
Specificity
TN/ (TN + FP)
32
Positive Predictive Value
TP/ (TP + FP)
33
Negative Predictive Value
TN/ (TN + FN)
34
CER
Control Event Rate = proportion of control with bad outcomes
35
EER
Experimental Event Rate = proportion of experimental with bad outcomes
36
Absolute Risk
Difference btw CER and EER
37
ARR
When CER > EER Increased rate of adverse outcomes in control group
38
ARI
When CER
39
Relative Risk
EER/CER
40
Relative Risk Reduction/Increase
1 - RR
41
Number Needed to Treat (NNT)
NNT = 1/ARR
42
Number Needed to Harm (NNH)
NNH = 1/ARI
43
Nominal Measurement
Measures a mere difference | your hometowns
44
Ordinal Measurement
Measures differences + rank order (Place finish in race- first, second, third) Socioeconomic status- low or high
45
Interval Measurement
Measures difference + rank order + equal distances between values of variable (Temp) Does not have true meaningful zero, even when it is 0 degrees outside, there is still a temperature
46
Ratio Measurement
Measures differences + rank order + equal distances between values of the variable + true meaningful zero point (Height & weight)
47
Categorical measurements
Nominal | Ordinal
48
Continuous measurements
Interval | Ratio
49
If you have 2 categorical measurements, what statistical test would you use?
Chi-squared
50
If you have one nominal and one interval-ratio measurement, what test would you use?
T-test
51
What is an odds ratio?
The "odds" that some outcome would occur in the presence of a predictor vs. absence of the predictor
52
Odds ratio > 1
Exposure associated with higher odds of outcome
53
Odds ratio
Exposure associated with lower odds of outcome
54
Odds ratio = 1
Exposure does not affect odds of outcome
55
How do you calculate odds ratio?
AD/BC

SoBehav Year 2 (11 decks)

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