stats

Question 1

nominal scale

Answer 1

ordering things based on name or form only (not quantative)
ex. hair colour

Question 2

ordinal scale

Answer 2

set of ordered categories, not quantative. Only provides information about difference.
ex. satisfaction rating (dislike, neutral, like) or gold, silver, bronze.

Question 3

Intreval scale

Answer 3

quantative, obtain all properties of ordinal measures. Zero does not represent absence of value
ex. tempterature (can go below zero).

Question 4

Ratio scale

Answer 4

quantative, has an absolute zero (cannot go into the negatives)
ex. blood pressure/speed.

Question 5

normal distribution

Answer 5

-symmetrical distribution of data in a bell shaped curve
-frequency of scores declines at extreme ends
-most subjects score in the middle
-mean, median & mode are essentially the same
-if data is normal 68% of the score will fall under the SD

Question 6

mean

Answer 6

the average of a distribution of scores. (all scores added up divided by the amount of scores). sensitive to outliers.

Question 7

median

Answer 7

the middle number in a set of scores. If there is an even number with two middle numbers the median will be the two middle numbers divided by 2.

Question 8

mode

Answer 8

the most frequent number in a set of scores.

Question 9

bimodal

Answer 9

when data has more than one mode

Question 10

central tendancy

Answer 10

statistical measure that identifies a single value as representative of an entire distribution (inculdes mean, median & mode)

Question 11

Skewed data

Answer 11

the mean no longer represents the centre of the distribution. The median or mode is a better reflection of the centre.

Question 12

what are the measures of variability (2)

Answer 12

1. range
2. standard deviation

Question 13

define range

Answer 13

-implies the difference between the highest and lowest score.
-influenced by outliers
-represented at highest number (minus) lowest number or highest number-lowest number

Question 14

define standard deviation

Answer 14

provides information on the amount of variation from the mean.
ex. if mean is 10 and SD is 2 then the majority of the data in the set is around 8 to 12 (10-2=8, 10+2= 12).

Question 15

1.0 SD is what percent of values?
1.96 SD is what percent of values?
2.58 SD is what percent of values?

Answer 15

1.0 SD= 68.2%
1.96 SD= 95.7%
2.58 SD= 99.6%

Question 16

what does a larger SD mean?

Answer 16

larger SD means a larger difference in data/greater variability

Question 17

define correlation (r)

Answer 17

-numerical co-efficient that indicates the extent to which variables are related
-indicates amount of relationship but not cause of relationship.
Always between -1.00 & +1.00

Question 18

types of correlation (r)
a) +1.00
b) -1.00
c) 0.00
d) 0.5-0.7
e) 0.7-0.8
f) 0.8 and higher

Answer 18

a) positive correlation
b) negative correlation
c) no correlation
d) low correlation
e) moderate correlation
f) strong correlation

Question 19

define and example of positive correlation (1.0)

Answer 19

-variables both increase or decrease together
(ex.) smoking and cancer risk (increase smoking and there is an increase cancer risk) &

Question 20

Define negative correlation (-1.0)

Answer 20

when one variable increases the other decreases and vice versa
(ex.) Exercise and health risks. Increase of exercise decreases potential health risks

Question 21

define validity

Answer 21

the accuracy of a measure or how well the results measure what they are supposed to measure

Question 22

define reliability

Answer 22

the consistency of a measure or how repeatable are the results

Question 23

can a test be valid if not reliable?

Answer 23

no, test must be reliable to be considered valid

Question 24

can a test be reliable but not valid

Answer 24

yes, test can be repeatable but it doesn’t mean it’s measuring the right thing (ex) test V02MAX of runners but test them on bikes.

Question 25

3 things to consider when considering a fitness test

Answer 25

1. validity
2. reliability
3. normative data

Question 26

Validity coefficient

Answer 26

-measures relationship between the scores from the test being validated to the criterion scores.
- r should be >8.0 to be considered valid

Question 27

reliability coefficient

Answer 27

-relationship between trial 1, 2 & 3.
- r should be >0.90 to be considered reliable

Question 28

why are normative standards important

Answer 28

-allows comparisons
-can see improvement relative to a group
-determines a rating for the fitness component

Question 29

main sources of measurement error (4)

Answer 29

1. test instrument…calibrated?
2. test administrator…following protocols?
3. subject…following test protocols?
4. test environment…same warm up/time of day?