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LINGUIST 2D03 > Statistics and Distributions > Flashcards

Statistics and Distributions Flashcards

1
Q

measures of dispersion

A

descriptive statistics

how tightly clustered are individual data points to the mean

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2
Q

variance

A

descriptive statistics
difference between each data point and mean
square each value
divide sum by (n-1)

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3
Q

Standard deviation

A

the square root of the variance

the extent of deviation for a group as a whole

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4
Q

probability distributions of a discrete variable

A

identifies the probability of each value

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5
Q

probability distributions of a continuous variable

A

identifies the probability of the value falling within a particular interval

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6
Q

all probability distributions add up to ____

A

1 or 100

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7
Q

percentile

A

1% cut off

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8
Q

decile

A

10% cut off

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9
Q

tertile

A

1/3 cut off

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10
Q

quartile

A

1/4 cut off

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11
Q

quantile

A

1/5 cut off

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12
Q

positive skew

A

heavy right tail

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13
Q

negative skew

A

heavy left tail

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14
Q

are +/- 1 SD away from mean

A

68%

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15
Q

area +/- 2 SD away from mean

A

95%

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16
Q

are +/- 3 SD away from mean

A

99.7%

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17
Q

mean IQ is

A

100

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18
Q

z score is

A

number of SDs away from the mean

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19
Q

conceptual hypothesis

A

texts that concern a topic familiar to a reader are easier to comprehend

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20
Q

research hypothesis

A

operationalizes conceptual hypothesis

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21
Q

statistical hypothesis

A

whether selected hypothesis about whether selected parameters of data population are are equal or different

22
Q

null hypothesis

A

baseline, statement of equality

23
Q

alternative hypothesis

A

statement of inequality typically what you are trying to prove

24
Q

we use _______ to test the null hypothesis

A

inferential statistics

25
Q

to prove null hypothesis is wrong we just need to prove that _______ is right

A

alternative

26
Q

statistically significant p=___

A

0.05 or 0.01

27
Q

t test

A

evaluation of difference between 2 variables relative to variability in the data

28
Q

f test

A

used to compare means of more than 2 groups, compares between group variability with within group variability

29
Q

Inferential outcomes: correct

A

reject null hypothesis which is in agreement with true population value

30
Q

Inferential outcomes: false positive, type 1 error

A

reject null hypothesis when there is no true effect

31
Q

Inferential outcomes: power

A

do not reject null hypothesis and rightly so

32
Q

Inferential outcomes: false negative, type 2 error

A

we do not reject null hypothesis when there is an effect truly there

33
Q

ho do we decrease type 1 errors

A

by moving judgment criteria

34
Q

is 1 SD from mean enough to be signifigant

A

No

35
Q

inferential tests

A

estimate how certain we are about rejecting the null hypothesis

36
Q

standard error

A

how close mean of sample is to true population mean

like the SD of inferential statistics

37
Q

increase power by … (3)

A

increase sample to decrease standard error
make signifigant threshold less strict
make data less variable

38
Q

participation observation

A

enter the world of people

39
Q

laboratory observation

A

controlled lab

40
Q

interviewing

A

honest answers?
intimidating
get direct info

41
Q

phone interview

A

no travel

selection bias

42
Q

quesstionares

A

cheap and fast

43
Q

perfect correlation

A

correlation of 1 or -1

44
Q

semipartial correlation

A

a measurement of the correlation between 2 variables that remains after controlling for the effects of 1 or more predictor variables

45
Q

standard score

A

(individual score-mean score) / SD

46
Q

r^2

A

squaring correlation
coefficient of determination
calculates effect for correlations
indicates proportion of variance

47
Q

eta squared

A

proportion of the total variability of the DV that is accounted for by the IV

48
Q

cramers Φ

A

chi squared test for independence with 2 rows and 2 columns

49
Q

cramers v

A

chi squared for larger than 2x2

50
Q

cohens w

A

chi-squared goodness of fit

51
Q

cohens d

A

effect size calculation that looks at the difference between the means of two groups and takes into account the variability using the pooled sample standard deviation

LINGUIST 2D03 (12 decks)

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