Introduction

Question 1

6 sources of belief

Answer 1

• tradition
• intuition
• authority
• reasoning
• rational thought
• observation

Question 2

tradition

Answer 2

it is true because it has always been true

Question 3

intuition

Answer 3

it is true because I feel it is true

Question 4

authority

Answer 4

it is true because an expert said it was true

Question 5

reasoning

Answer 5

I believe it is true because it is logically derived

Question 6

rational thought

Answer 6

thinking with reasoning, not sufficient without observation

Question 7

observation

Answer 7

I believe it is true because I experienced it (not sufficient)

Question 8

Scientific method

Answer 8

theory
hypothesis
research
observation

Question 9

science

Answer 9

acquiring knowledge through interaction, observation, and logic

Question 10

why do we ask research questions?

Answer 10

• to satisfy curiosity
• to demonstrate a new technique
• to evaluate a theory
• to study a behavioral phenomenon

Question 11

hasty generalization

Answer 11

a conclusion made of insufficient and or biased evidence

Question 12

genetic fallacy

Answer 12

conclusion based on an argument that the origins of a person, idea, institute or theory determine character, nature or worth

Question 13

critical thinking skills

Answer 13

• ask questions
• define the problem
• examine all evidence
• asses the assumption
• separate facts from opinions
• don’t oversimplify
• tolerate uncertainty
• open-mindedness

Question 14

tenents of science (5)

Answer 14

• determinism
• empiricism
• replicability
• falsifiablity
• parsimony

Question 15

determinism

Answer 15

human behavior can be understood in terms of natural laws of the universe

Question 16

empiricism

Answer 16

observed data is key to confirming or refuting claims

Question 17

replicability

Answer 17

a single finding is not enough

Question 18

falsifiability

Answer 18

hypotheses have to be generated in a way that they are testable and falsifiable

Question 19

parsimony

Answer 19

a theory that makes fewer assumptions about the data set is preferred

Question 20

objectives of science

Answer 20

• to describe
• to explain
• to predict
• to control

Question 21

to describe

Answer 21

give a detailed account for natural phenomenon

Question 22

to explain

Answer 22

once we observe and describe regularities we attempt to explain them

Question 23

to predict

Answer 23

if the explanation is correct it has to account for new data not only describe the observed data

Question 24

to control

Answer 24

we can use predictions to control phenomenon

Question 25

quantitative research

Answer 25

measure differences in the amount of behavior

Question 26

qualitative research

Answer 26

describe differences in kind or quality of behavior

Question 27

basic research

Answer 27

main motivation is to understand the workings of nature/individual/society

Question 28

applied research

Answer 28

main motivation is to apply knowledge for the immediate benefit of the society

Question 29

cross-sectional research

Answer 29

• many ages at one point in time
• cohort effect
• less time consuming

Question 30

longitudinal research

Answer 30

• the same group over long oeriod of time
• high drop out rate
• expensive

Question 31

field study

Answer 31

more naturalistic

little control

Question 32

laboratory study

Answer 32

higher control

may not be generalizable

Question 33

empirical

Answer 33

based on observation or experience

Question 34

empirical sources

Answer 34

• observation
• experimentation (controlled)
• experiments in nature

Question 35

cloze test

Answer 35

a test in which one is asked to supply words that have been removed from a passage in order to measure one’s ability to comprehend text.