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Statistical Test Flashcards

1
Q

What is a statistical test?

A

A statistical test is a method used to determine whether there is enough evidence to reject a null hypothesis.

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2
Q

True or False: A null hypothesis typically states that there is no effect or no difference.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is a threshold for determining whether to reject the null hypothesis.

A

p-value

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4
Q

What does a p-value less than 0.05 typically indicate?

A

It indicates that there is statistically significant evidence to reject the null hypothesis.

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5
Q

What is the purpose of a t-test?

A

A t-test is used to compare the means of two groups to determine if they are statistically different from each other.

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of t-test? A) Independent t-test B) Paired t-test C) ANOVA D) One-sample t-test

A

C) ANOVA

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7
Q

What is ANOVA used for?

A

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) is used to compare means among three or more groups.

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8
Q

True or False: The Chi-square test is used for categorical data.

A

True

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9
Q

What does the term ‘effect size’ refer to?

A

Effect size refers to the magnitude of a relationship or the strength of a phenomenon in a statistical analysis.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ test is used to assess whether two categorical variables are independent.

A

Chi-square

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11
Q

What is the main assumption of parametric tests?

A

Parametric tests assume that the data follows a normal distribution.

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12
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following tests is used for non-parametric data? A) t-test B) Mann-Whitney U test C) ANOVA D) Z-test

A

B) Mann-Whitney U test

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13
Q

What is the Wilcoxon signed-rank test used for?

A

It is used to compare two related samples or repeated measurements on a single sample.

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14
Q

True or False: The Kruskal-Wallis test is the non-parametric equivalent of ANOVA.

A

True

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15
Q

What does a Type I error represent?

A

A Type I error occurs when the null hypothesis is incorrectly rejected when it is actually true.

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16
Q

What is a Type II error?

A

A Type II error occurs when the null hypothesis is not rejected when it is false.

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: A __________ test is used to compare the means of two related groups.

A

paired t-test

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18
Q

What is the purpose of post-hoc tests?

A

Post-hoc tests are used to determine which specific groups’ means are different after finding a significant result in ANOVA.

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19
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a common post-hoc test? A) Bonferroni B) Z-test C) Chi-square D) t-test

A

A) Bonferroni

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20
Q

What is the significance level commonly used in hypothesis testing?

A

0.05

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21
Q

True or False: A smaller p-value indicates stronger evidence against the null hypothesis.

A

True

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22
Q

What is the main difference between one-tailed and two-tailed tests?

A

One-tailed tests assess the direction of an effect, while two-tailed tests assess for any effect in both directions.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ test is commonly used to compare the variance between two populations.

A

F-test

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24
Q

What does the term ‘normal distribution’ refer to?

A

A normal distribution is a probability distribution that is symmetric about the mean, showing that data near the mean are more frequent in occurrence.

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25
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is an assumption of ANOVA? A) Homogeneity of variances B) Independence of observations C) Normality of residuals D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

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26
Q

What is the purpose of the Shapiro-Wilk test?

A

The Shapiro-Wilk test is used to assess the normality of data.

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27
Q

True or False: A large sample size can compensate for violations of normality.

A

True

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28
Q

What does the term ‘sample size’ refer to?

A

Sample size refers to the number of observations or data points collected for a statistical analysis.

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29
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is a measure of how much the sample mean is expected to vary from the true population mean.

A

standard error

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30
Q

What is the purpose of confidence intervals?

A

Confidence intervals provide a range of values that are likely to contain the population parameter with a specified level of confidence.

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31
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of statistical test? A) Z-test B) F-test C) K-test D) t-test

32
Q

What does it mean if a test is statistically significant?

A

It means that the results are unlikely to have occurred by chance, and the null hypothesis can be rejected.

33
Q

True or False: Statistical power is the probability of correctly rejecting the null hypothesis.

34
Q

What is the main factor that affects statistical power?

A

Sample size is the main factor that affects statistical power.

35
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ test is used to compare proportions between two groups.

36
Q

What is the main focus of regression analysis?

A

Regression analysis focuses on the relationship between a dependent variable and one or more independent variables.

37
Q

Multiple Choice: Which regression model is used for binary outcomes? A) Linear regression B) Logistic regression C) Polynomial regression D) None of the above

A

B) Logistic regression

38
Q

What is multicollinearity?

A

Multicollinearity refers to the situation in which two or more independent variables in a regression model are highly correlated.

39
Q

True or False: Outliers can have a significant impact on regression analysis.

40
Q

What is the main assumption of linear regression?

A

The main assumption of linear regression is that the relationship between the independent and dependent variables is linear.

41
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is a statistic used to assess the goodness of fit of a regression model.

42
Q

What is the purpose of a residual plot?

A

A residual plot is used to assess the validity of a regression model by examining the residuals for patterns.

43
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a criterion for choosing a statistical test? A) Type of data B) Sample size C) Research question D) All of the above

A

D) All of the above

44
Q

What is a paired sample?

A

A paired sample consists of two related observations or measurements taken from the same subject.

45
Q

True or False: Non-parametric tests do not assume a specific distribution for the data.

46
Q

What is the main advantage of using non-parametric tests?

A

Non-parametric tests can be used with data that do not meet the assumptions of parametric tests.

47
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ test is used when comparing two independent samples.

A

independent t-test

48
Q

What is the purpose of the Bonferroni correction?

A

The Bonferroni correction is used to reduce the chances of Type I errors when conducting multiple comparisons.

49
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT an assumption of linear regression? A) Homoscedasticity B) Normality of residuals C) Independence of variables D) Linearity

A

C) Independence of variables

50
Q

What is the significance of the F-statistic in ANOVA?

A

The F-statistic is used to determine whether the variances between the groups are significantly different.

51
Q

True or False: A confidence interval can be used to estimate the range of a population parameter.

52
Q

What does it mean if a confidence interval does not include zero?

A

It suggests that there is a statistically significant difference between the groups being compared.

53
Q

Fill in the blank: A __________ is a statistical method for summarizing and analyzing the relationship between variables.

A

statistical model

54
Q

What is the purpose of hypothesis testing?

A

Hypothesis testing is used to make inferences about populations based on sample data.

55
Q

Multiple Choice: Which test is appropriate for comparing the means of three or more groups? A) t-test B) Chi-square test C) ANOVA D) Z-test

56
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

A confounding variable is an external factor that can affect the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

57
Q

True or False: Statistical tests can provide definitive proof of a hypothesis.

58
Q

What does the term ‘data distribution’ refer to?

A

Data distribution refers to how the values of a variable are spread or arranged.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: A __________ is a graphical representation of the frequency distribution of a dataset.

60
Q

What is the main purpose of descriptive statistics?

A

Descriptive statistics summarize and describe the main features of a dataset.

61
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a measure of central tendency? A) Mean B) Median C) Mode D) Variance

A

D) Variance

62
Q

What is the interquartile range?

A

The interquartile range is the difference between the first quartile (Q1) and the third quartile (Q3) in a dataset.

63
Q

True or False: Outliers can skew the results of statistical tests.

64
Q

What is the purpose of a control group in an experiment?

A

A control group is used as a benchmark to compare the effects of the treatment or intervention.

65
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ method is a technique used to estimate the sample size required for a study.

A

power analysis

66
Q

What is the central limit theorem?

A

The central limit theorem states that the sampling distribution of the sample mean will be normally distributed, regardless of the shape of the population distribution, given a sufficiently large sample size.

67
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following describes a normal distribution? A) Skewed left B) Skewed right C) Symmetrical bell-shaped curve D) Uniform

A

C) Symmetrical bell-shaped curve

68
Q

What is the difference between descriptive and inferential statistics?

A

Descriptive statistics summarize data, while inferential statistics make predictions or inferences about a population based on a sample.

69
Q

True or False: A larger sample size can increase the reliability of a statistical test.

70
Q

What is a scatter plot used for?

A

A scatter plot is used to visualize the relationship between two quantitative variables.

71
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is the average of a set of values.

72
Q

What is the mode?

A

The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a dataset.

73
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a measure of variability? A) Mean B) Median C) Standard deviation D) Mode

A

C) Standard deviation

74
Q

What is a box plot used for?

A

A box plot is used to display the distribution of a dataset and identify outliers.

75
Q

True or False: Statistical significance does not imply practical significance.

76
Q

What is the purpose of random sampling?

A

Random sampling ensures that every individual in a population has an equal chance of being selected, reducing bias.

77
Q

Fill in the blank: The __________ is a statistical method used to analyze the relationship between two variables.

A

correlation coefficient

Biology (17 decks)

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