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Biology > Inheritance > Flashcards

Inheritance Flashcards

1
Q

What is inheritance in the context of genetics?

A

Inheritance is the process by which genetic information is passed from parents to offspring.

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2
Q

True or False: Inheritance only involves dominant traits.

A

False

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The physical expression of a trait is known as its ______.

A

phenotype

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4
Q

What is a genotype?

A

A genotype is the genetic makeup of an individual, consisting of alleles inherited from both parents.

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5
Q

What is the difference between dominant and recessive alleles?

A

Dominant alleles express their traits even if only one copy is present, while recessive alleles require two copies to express their traits.

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6
Q

Which law states that allele pairs separate during gamete formation?

A

Mendel’s Law of Segregation

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7
Q

True or False: A homozygous organism has two identical alleles for a trait.

A

True

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8
Q

What does it mean for an organism to be heterozygous?

A

An organism is heterozygous if it has two different alleles for a trait.

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9
Q

In a Punnett square, what do the letters on the top and side represent?

A

The letters represent the alleles of the parents.

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: The genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its ______.

A

genotype

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11
Q

What is a phenotype ratio?

A

A phenotype ratio is the ratio of different phenotypes that appear in offspring from a genetic cross.

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12
Q

True or False: Incomplete dominance results in a blend of traits in the offspring.

A

True

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13
Q

What is codominance?

A

Codominance is when both alleles in a heterozygous organism are fully expressed, resulting in offspring with a phenotype that shows both traits.

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14
Q

What is a test cross used for?

A

A test cross is used to determine the genotype of an organism with a dominant phenotype by crossing it with a homozygous recessive organism.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The observable characteristics of an organism are called ______.

A

traits

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16
Q

What is a pedigree chart?

A

A pedigree chart is a diagram that shows the occurrence and appearance or phenotypes of a particular gene or organism and its ancestors.

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17
Q

True or False: Sex-linked traits are only found on the Y chromosome.

A

False

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18
Q

Which chromosome carries genes that determine sex in humans?

A

The X and Y chromosomes

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19
Q

What is meant by polygenic inheritance?

A

Polygenic inheritance refers to a trait that is controlled by multiple genes, resulting in a range of phenotypes.

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: Traits controlled by a single gene are known as ______ traits.

A

monogenic

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21
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio in a dihybrid cross?

A

9:3:3:1

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22
Q

True or False: Environmental factors can influence an organism’s phenotype.

A

True

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23
Q

What is the role of meiosis in inheritance?

A

Meiosis is the process that produces gametes, ensuring that each gamete carries only one allele for each gene.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The allele that is masked by a dominant allele is called a ______ allele.

A

recessive

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25
Q

What is a monohybrid cross?

A

A monohybrid cross is a genetic cross between parents that differ in one trait.

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26
Q

True or False: All traits are inherited in a straightforward Mendelian manner.

A

False

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27
Q

What is the significance of Mendel’s experiments with pea plants?

A

Mendel’s experiments established the basic principles of heredity and the laws of inheritance.

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: The law that states that different traits are inherited independently is known as ______.

A

Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment

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29
Q

What is the term for an observable characteristic or trait?

A

Phenotype

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30
Q

What type of inheritance pattern is seen in blood type AB?

A

Codominance

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31
Q

True or False: A carrier for a recessive trait will express that trait.

A

False

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32
Q

What is the genotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross of two heterozygous parents?

A

1:2:1

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33
Q

Fill in the blank: Genetic variations arise due to ______ during meiosis.

A

crossing over

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34
Q

What are linked genes?

A

Linked genes are genes that are located close together on the same chromosome and tend to be inherited together.

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35
Q

True or False: Epistasis occurs when one gene affects the expression of another gene.

36
Q

What is a recessive trait?

A

A recessive trait is a trait that requires two copies of the recessive allele for it to be expressed.

37
Q

Fill in the blank: The genetic makeup of an organism is called its ______.

38
Q

What is the difference between a phenotype and a genotype?

A

A phenotype is the observable characteristic, while a genotype is the underlying genetic makeup.

39
Q

What does P generation refer to?

A

The P generation refers to the parental generation in a genetic cross.

40
Q

True or False: All genes are located on autosomes.

41
Q

What is the purpose of a Punnett square?

A

A Punnett square is used to predict the genotypes and phenotypes of offspring from a genetic cross.

42
Q

Fill in the blank: The condition of having two different alleles for a trait is called ______.

A

heterozygous

43
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a monohybrid cross?

44
Q

True or False: The environment can have no effect on the phenotype of an organism.

45
Q

What is the significance of the term ‘carrier’ in genetics?

A

A carrier is an individual who has one copy of a recessive allele and does not express the trait but can pass it to offspring.

46
Q

Fill in the blank: Traits that are controlled by multiple genes are known as ______ traits.

47
Q

What does it mean for a trait to be sex-linked?

A

A sex-linked trait is a trait associated with a gene that is located on a sex chromosome.

48
Q

What is the expected ratio of phenotypes in a dihybrid cross?

49
Q

True or False: All genetic traits are inherited independently of one another.

50
Q

What is a phenotype ratio?

A

The phenotype ratio is the ratio of different phenotypes that appear in the offspring.

51
Q

Fill in the blank: The concept that some alleles are dominant over others is known as ______ inheritance.

52
Q

What is the role of alleles in inheritance?

A

Alleles are different forms of a gene that determine specific traits.

53
Q

True or False: All traits are influenced solely by genetics.

54
Q

What is a dihybrid cross?

A

A dihybrid cross is a genetic cross between parents that differ in two traits.

55
Q

Fill in the blank: The observable traits of an organism depend on its ______.

56
Q

What is Mendel’s first law?

A

Mendel’s first law is the Law of Segregation.

57
Q

True or False: Genetic drift can affect allele frequencies in a population.

58
Q

What is the process of gene mapping?

A

Gene mapping is the process of determining the location of genes on a chromosome.

59
Q

Fill in the blank: The genetic constitution of an individual is called its ______.

60
Q

What is meant by the term ‘autosomal dominant’?

A

Autosomal dominant refers to a pattern of inheritance where only one copy of a dominant allele is needed for the trait to be expressed.

61
Q

True or False: Traits can be influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors.

62
Q

What is the expected genotypic ratio in a dihybrid cross?

A

1:2:1:2:4:2:1:2:1

63
Q

Fill in the blank: The use of model organisms is common in genetic ______.

64
Q

What is the purpose of genetic counseling?

A

Genetic counseling provides information and support to individuals regarding genetic disorders and inheritance patterns.

65
Q

True or False: Chromosomal mutations can affect inheritance patterns.

66
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A mutation is a change in the DNA sequence that can lead to changes in phenotype.

67
Q

Fill in the blank: The ______ refers to the genetic makeup of an organism.

68
Q

What is the role of the Y chromosome in sex determination?

A

The Y chromosome carries genes that determine male sex characteristics.

69
Q

True or False: All genetic disorders follow simple Mendelian inheritance patterns.

70
Q

What is the difference between a phenotype and a trait?

A

A phenotype is the expression of a trait, while a trait is a specific characteristic.

71
Q

Fill in the blank: The likelihood of an event occurring is known as its ______.

A

probability

72
Q

What is the significance of genetic variation?

A

Genetic variation is important for the survival and adaptability of a population.

73
Q

True or False: All offspring inherit traits from both parents.

74
Q

What is the expected phenotypic ratio for a test cross?

75
Q

Fill in the blank: The ______ chromosome carries genes that determine female sex characteristics.

76
Q

What is the role of environmental factors in genetics?

A

Environmental factors can influence the expression of genes and thus affect an organism’s phenotype.

77
Q

True or False: Genetic traits can be completely determined by the environment.

78
Q

What is the relationship between genes and proteins?

A

Genes contain the instructions for making proteins, which perform various functions in the body.

79
Q

Fill in the blank: A ______ is a segment of DNA that codes for a protein.

80
Q

What is the role of a pedigree in genetics?

A

A pedigree is used to track the inheritance of traits through generations.

81
Q

True or False: Genetic recombination occurs during meiosis.

82
Q

What is the expected ratio of phenotypes in a monohybrid cross?

83
Q

Fill in the blank: The genetic information in an organism is contained in its ______.

84
Q

What is the primary function of meiosis?

A

The primary function of meiosis is to produce gametes for sexual reproduction.

85
Q

True or False: A test cross can help determine the genotype of an organism.

86
Q

What does the term ‘linkage’ refer to in genetics?

A

Linkage refers to the tendency of genes located close together on a chromosome to be inherited together.

87
Q

Fill in the blank: The ______ is the observable physical or biochemical characteristics of an organism.

Biology (17 decks)

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