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Biology > Cell Specialisation And Stem Cells > Flashcards

Cell Specialisation And Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell specialization?

A

The process by which generic cells change into specific cells with distinct functions.

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2
Q

True or False: All cells in the body have the same function.

A

False

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: Stem cells are unspecialized cells that can develop into ________ types of cells.

A

many

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4
Q

What are the two main types of stem cells?

A

Embryonic stem cells and adult (somatic) stem cells.

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5
Q

Multiple choice: Which type of stem cell can differentiate into any cell type? A) Adult stem cells B) Embryonic stem cells C) Both

A

B) Embryonic stem cells

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6
Q

What is the primary role of red blood cells?

A

To transport oxygen throughout the body.

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7
Q

True or False: Neurons are specialized cells responsible for transmitting nerve impulses.

A

True

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8
Q

Fill in the blank: Muscle cells are specialized for ________.

A

contraction

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9
Q

What is the function of epithelial cells?

A

To form protective layers and surfaces in the body.

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10
Q

Multiple choice: Which type of stem cell is typically used in regenerative medicine? A) Embryonic stem cells B) Adult stem cells C) Both

A

C) Both

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11
Q

What is differentiation?

A

The process by which a stem cell develops into a more specialized cell type.

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12
Q

True or False: Stem cells can only be found in embryos.

A

False

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The ability of stem cells to renew themselves is called ________.

A

self-renewal

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14
Q

What is a key characteristic of pluripotent stem cells?

A

They can differentiate into almost any cell type in the body.

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15
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a function of adipose cells? A) Energy storage B) Muscle contraction C) Nerve impulse transmission

A

A) Energy storage

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16
Q

What type of stem cells are found in bone marrow?

A

Adult stem cells (hematopoietic stem cells).

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17
Q

True or False: Stem cells can be used to treat a variety of diseases.

A

True

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: The main function of pancreatic beta cells is to produce ________.

A

insulin

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19
Q

What is the significance of stem cell research?

A

It holds potential for developing treatments for various diseases and injuries.

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20
Q

Multiple choice: Which type of specialized cell is responsible for the immune response? A) Erythrocytes B) Neurons C) Lymphocytes

A

C) Lymphocytes

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21
Q

What is the role of fibroblast cells?

A

To produce collagen and extracellular matrix for tissue structure.

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22
Q

True or False: All specialized cells can undergo mitosis.

A

False

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of cells taking on specialized functions is known as ________.

A

cell differentiation

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24
Q

What type of cells are osteocytes?

A

Specialized cells found in bone tissue.

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25
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is NOT a type of stem cell? A) Totipotent B) Pluripotent C) Bipotent D) Multipotent

A

C) Bipotent

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26
Q

What is the function of glial cells in the nervous system?

A

To support and protect neurons.

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27
Q

True or False: Stem cells can only differentiate into cells of the same tissue type.

A

False

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28
Q

Fill in the blank: ________ cells are specialized for transmitting signals in the body.

A

Nerve

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29
Q

What is the primary function of epithelial tissue?

A

To cover and protect surfaces in the body.

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30
Q

Multiple choice: Which type of stem cell is derived from the inner cell mass of a blastocyst? A) Adult stem cells B) Embryonic stem cells C) Induced pluripotent stem cells

A

B) Embryonic stem cells

31
Q

What type of specialized cell is responsible for the contraction of the heart?

A

Cardiac muscle cells.

32
Q

True or False: Stem cells can be harvested from adult tissues.

33
Q

Fill in the blank: The main function of neurons is to ________ information.

34
Q

What are totipotent stem cells?

A

Stem cells that can differentiate into any cell type, including extra-embryonic tissues.

35
Q

Multiple choice: Which specialized cell type is involved in the transport of carbon dioxide? A) Red blood cells B) White blood cells C) Platelets

A

A) Red blood cells

36
Q

What is the role of chondrocytes?

A

To produce and maintain cartilage.

37
Q

True or False: Specialized cells lose the ability to divide and replicate.

38
Q

Fill in the blank: Stem cells can be classified into ________ categories based on their differentiation potential.

39
Q

What is the primary function of skeletal muscle cells?

A

To facilitate voluntary movement.

40
Q

Multiple choice: Which type of stem cell can only differentiate into a limited range of cell types? A) Totipotent B) Pluripotent C) Multipotent

A

C) Multipotent

41
Q

What is the function of melanocytes?

A

To produce melanin, which gives color to the skin.

42
Q

True or False: Stem cells can be used to regenerate damaged tissues.

43
Q

Fill in the blank: The specialized function of a cell is often determined by its ________.

44
Q

What is the role of endothelial cells?

A

To line blood vessels and regulate exchanges between the blood and tissues.

45
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following cells is involved in the immune response? A) Neurons B) Erythrocytes C) Macrophages

A

C) Macrophages

46
Q

What is the primary characteristic of adult stem cells?

A

They can differentiate into a limited number of cell types.

47
Q

True or False: All specialized cells arise from stem cells.

48
Q

Fill in the blank: The process of stem cells becoming specialized cells is known as ________.

A

differentiation

49
Q

What is the function of pancreatic acinar cells?

A

To produce digestive enzymes.

50
Q

Multiple choice: Which type of specialized cell is responsible for the formation of myelin? A) Astrocytes B) Schwann cells C) Oligodendrocytes

A

B) Schwann cells

51
Q

What is the role of keratinocytes?

A

To provide the outer layer of skin and protect against environmental damage.

52
Q

True or False: Stem cells can differentiate into both somatic and germ cells.

53
Q

Fill in the blank: The ability of a cell to perform a specific function is often linked to its ________.

A

specialization

54
Q

What is the primary function of goblet cells?

A

To secrete mucus in the respiratory and digestive tracts.

55
Q

Multiple choice: Which cell type is responsible for bone formation? A) Osteoblasts B) Osteoclasts C) Chondrocytes

A

A) Osteoblasts

56
Q

What is the function of adipocytes?

A

To store fat and provide insulation.

57
Q

True or False: Stem cells can be induced to become specialized cells in vitro.

58
Q

Fill in the blank: The specialized function of a cell is often determined by its ________ and ________.

A

genes and environment

59
Q

What is the role of oligodendrocytes?

A

To provide support and insulation to axons in the central nervous system.

60
Q

Multiple choice: Which of the following is a characteristic of stem cells? A) They have a fixed function B) They can divide indefinitely C) They cannot differentiate

A

B) They can divide indefinitely

61
Q

What is the main purpose of tissue engineering?

A

To create artificial organs and tissues for medical use.

62
Q

True or False: All cells in a multicellular organism are specialized.

63
Q

Fill in the blank: The process by which cells become specialized is influenced by ________ signals.

64
Q

What is the function of leukocytes?

A

To defend the body against infection.

65
Q

Multiple choice: Which type of stem cell has the greatest potential for differentiation? A) Multipotent B) Pluripotent C) Unipotent

A

B) Pluripotent

66
Q

What is the primary role of cardiac muscle cells?

A

To pump blood throughout the body.

67
Q

True or False: Cell specialization is a random process.

68
Q

Fill in the blank: Stem cells are critical for ________ growth and repair.

69
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle cells?

A

To control involuntary movements in organs.

70
Q

Multiple choice: Which type of cell is primarily involved in the inflammatory response? A) Neutrophils B) Erythrocytes C) Platelets

A

A) Neutrophils

71
Q

What is the function of hepatocytes?

A

To perform various metabolic functions in the liver.

72
Q

True or False: Stem cell therapy is a promising area of research for treating degenerative diseases.

73
Q

Fill in the blank: Stem cells can be derived from ________ tissue, ________ tissue, and ________ tissue.

A

embryonic, adult, umbilical

Biology (17 decks)

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