States Of Matter + Solubility Flashcards
Describe the arrangement of particles in solids
- regularly arranged
- particles vibrate in fixed positions
- particles are very close together due to the strong forces of attraction between particles
Describe the arrangement of particles in liquids
- random arrangement
- particles move around eac( other freely
- particles are still close to each other
Describe the arrangement of particles in gases
- random arrangement
- particles move quickly in all directions
- particles are far apart
What state has the highest energy in particles and why?
- gases have the highest energy in their particles
- this is because particles in a gas can move the fastest and therefore have the highest kinetic energy
What is the name of the state change between solid to liquid? What happens to the particles’ arrangement?
- melting= solid to liquid
- increased kinetic energy from heat causes the particles in the solid to vibrate increasingly faster
- eventually the forces of attraction can no longer hold the particles together as they now vibrate so fast
- the particles can now move around each other and the solid melts to become a liquid
- the melting point is the temperature that this occurs at
- the particles have increased energy
What is the name of the state change between liquid to solid? What happens to the particles’ arrangement?
- freezing = liquid to solid
- as particles transfer energy away from them, they move increasingly slower as they cool
- eventually particles are moving so slowly that the forces of attraction are able to hold them together and pack them more closely
- now they can only vibrate in fixed positions and the liquid has now frozen, becoming a solid
- the freezing point is the temperature that this occurs at
what two temperatures are the same when converting between a solid and liquid?
melting and freezing point are the same
What is the name of the state change between liquid to gas? What happens to the particles’ arrangement?
- boiling = liquid to gas
- during boiling, the liquid is heated strongly enough that the particles can completely overcome all forces of attraction between them
- gas bubbles form throughout the liquid and rise to the surface where the gas can escape
- once particles can move around quickly and freely in all directions, the liquid has boiled into a gas
- the boiling point is the temperature that this occurs at
What is the name of the state change between gas to liquid? What happens to the particles’ arrangement?
- gas to liquid = condensation
- if a gas is cooled, the particles’’ energy gets transferred away from them, causing them to move slower
- eventually, they move slow enough that the forces of attraction between them are strong enough to hold the particles together and condense them into a liquid
What is the name of the state change between solid to gas and vice versa? What happens to the particles’ arrangement?
- solid to gas = sublimation
- gas to solid = deposition
- some substances can change directly from a solid into a gas, without going into a liquid form first
- e.g CO2
what state is a substance in between its melting and boiling point?
liquid
define diffusion
the movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration down the concentration gradient
what does diffusion occur due to?
diffusion occurs due to the random movement of particles
explain how the bromine gas experiment shows diffusion
- bromine gas is brown in colour
- initially, the bottom half of the tube has bromine gas in it, and it is separated by a glass plate from the top
- high concentration is seen by the dark brown colour and low concentration is seen by pale brown or colourlessness
- once glass plate is removed, the gas diffuses throughout the tube and the brown colour begins to spread
- once diffusion is complete, then the brown colour is uniform throughout the tube
explain how the ammonia gas and HCl gas experiment shows diffusion
- tube with a cotton wool soaked with HCl on one side and NH3 on the other
- diffusion occurs and the particles move from HC near the cotton wool to a LC in the middle of the tube
- ammonia particles are smaller than HCl particles so have a faster diffusion rate as more particles can travel in the same volume
- this means that the ammonia particles move faster and so further along the tube than the HCl ones
- NH3 reacts with HCl to produce a ring of NH4Cl closer to the HCl side
explain how the potassium manganate (VII) experiment shows diffusion
- initially the purple potassium manganate (VII) sinks to the base of the beaker of water
- the HC is at the bottom of the beaker where there’s a lot of potassium manganate (VII) and the LC is all the water around it
- diffusion occurs and the potassium manganate (VII) particles begin to move to the low conc
- this can be seen by the spreading purple colour
- once diffusion is complete, the particles are evenly spread throughout the beaker of water, so the purple colour is uniform throughout the liquid
define solvent
the liquid that a solute would dissolve in
define solute
the solid that dissolves in the solvent
define solution
the liquid formed when the solute dissolves in the solvent
define saturated solution
a solution that contains as much dissolved solute as possible at that temperature
what happens to the solubility of a solid as temperature increases and why?
- solids become more soluble in liquids as temp increases
- this is bc the liquid particles gain kinetic energy and move faster so can break the solid particles down into ions or molecules more easily
what happens to the solubility of a gas as temperature increases and why?
- gases become less soluble in liquids as temperature increases #
- this is bc the liquid and gas particles gain more energy
- this makes it easier for gas particles to escape the surface of the liquid
define solubility
the mass of solute that must dissolve in 100g of solvent to form a saturated solution at a particular temperature
solubility formula
mass of solute/ mass of solvent x 100
