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Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is covalent bonding?

A

The strong electrostatic force of attraction between the nuclei of bonding atoms and shared common electrons

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2
Q

Does covalent binding only occur in metals or non-metals?

A

Only non-metals

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3
Q

What shell of electrons do you draw when drawing dot-and-cross diagrams?

A

Only the outer shell

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4
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of molecules in which:
- all have the same general formula
- all share similar chemical properties (e.g boiling point)
- all follow trends in physical properties (e.g colour and viscosity)

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5
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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6
Q

What is a mixture?

A

Two or more substances that aren’t chemically bonded together

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7
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A compound consisting of only hydrogen and carbon

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8
Q

Describe the process of the fractional distillation of crude oil

A
  1. Crude oil is heated and evaporates into a gas
  2. Vapour passes into the fractionating column, in which the temperature decreases as you travel up it
  3. Fractions collect where the temperature in the fractionating column is equal to or below their boiling point and they condense
  4. Fractions are then piped out of the fractionating column as liquids (or gases if its refinery gas)
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9
Q

What are the six gases in order of which they come out of the fractionating column?

A

Bitumen, fuel oil, diesel, kerosene, gasoline, refinery gas

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10
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

Tar

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11
Q

What is fuel oil used for?

A

Fuel for ships

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12
Q

What is diesel used for?

A

Fuel for cars/lorries/trains

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13
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

Fuel for planes

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14
Q

What is gasoline used for?

A

Fuel for cars

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15
Q

What is refinery gas used for?

A

Fuel for household cooking and heating

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16
Q

What is the trend in fractions in terms of size of molecules?

A

Size of molecule decreases as you go up the fractionating column

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17
Q

What is the trend in fractions in terms of boiling point?

A

Boiling point decreases as you go up the fractionating column

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18
Q

What is the trend in fractions in terms of viscosity?

A

Viscosity of fraction decreases as you go up the fractionating column

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19
Q

What is the trend in fractions in terms of colour?

A

Colour of fraction gets lighter as you go up the fractionating column

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20
Q

What is a fuel?

A

A fuel is a substance that, when burned, releases heat energy

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21
Q

Complete combustion

A

When a substance burns in sufficient oxygen

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22
Q

Incomplete combustion

A

When a substance burns in insufficient oxygen

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23
Q

Word equation for the complete combustion of alkanes

A

Alkane + oxygen => carbon dioxide + water

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24
Q

Word equations for the incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

A

Hydrocarbon + oxygen => carbon + water OR hydrocarbon + oxygen => carbon monoxide + water

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25
Q

Why is carbon monoxide poisonous?

A

When carbon monoxide produced from incomplete combustion is inhaled into the lungs, the haemoglobin binds to it in preference to oxygen; it irreversibly binds to the haemoglobin producing carboxyhemoglobin. This therefore reduces the blood’s capacity to transport oxygen around the body

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26
Q

How does burning fossil fuels lead to the production of sulphuric acid to cause acid rain?

A
  • fossil fuels contain sulfur as an impurity
  • when fossil fuels are burned, the oxygen in the air reacts with the sulphur to produce sulfur dioxide gas
  • when the sulfur dioxide passes into the atmosphere,it dissolves into rainwater and makes it become more acidic
  • this causes acid rain
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27
Q

How do car engines produce nitrogen oxides and lead to acid rain?

A
  • nitrogen is an inert element that is gas at room temp.
  • it makes up 78% of the air around us
  • however in car engines, temperatures reach enough for the nitrogen to react with oxygen in the air and produce nitrogen oxides
  • these oxides of nitrogen are also acidic, which dissolve into rainwater and make it more acidic and cause acid rain
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28
Q

What is cracking?

A

A process in which long-chain alkanes are converted into short chain alkanes and Alkenes

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29
Q

Why is cracking necessary, in terms of supply and demand?

A
  • the supply of long-chain alkanes is higher than demand, however the supply of alkenes and short chain alkanes is lower than demand
  • therefore , cracking is needed to satisfy supply and demand for shorter chain alkanes and alkenes
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30
Q

Explain how catalytic cracking works

A
  • long chain alkanes are evaporated to gas form
  • then they are passed over a hot catalyst (either silica or alumina) at 600-700ºC
  • as a result of thermal decomposition, the long-chain alkanes break down to form short chain alkanes and alkenes are produced such as petrol
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31
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon that only contains single bonds between the carbon and hydrogens in its molecule

32
Q

What is an unsaturated hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon that contains at least one carbon-carbon double bond in its molecule

33
Q

What is silica made out of?

A

Silicon dioxide

34
Q

What is alumina made out of?

A

Aluminium oxide

35
Q

What is an alkane?

A

A homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons with the general formula of CnH2n+2

36
Q

What is the general formula of the alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

37
Q

Molecular formula of methane

A

CH4

38
Q

Structural formula of methane

A

CH4

39
Q

Empirical formula of methane

A

CH4

40
Q

Molecular formula of ethane

A

C2H6

41
Q

Structural formula of ethane

A

CH3-CH3

42
Q

Empirical formula of ethane

A

CH3

43
Q

Molecular formula for propane

A

C3H8

44
Q

Structural formula for propane

A

CH3-CH2-CH3

45
Q

Empirical formula for propane

A

C3H8

46
Q

Molecular formula of butane

A

C4H10

47
Q

Structural formula for butane

A

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3

48
Q

Empirical formula for butane

A

C2H5

49
Q

Molecular formula for pentane

A

C5H12

50
Q

Structural formula for pentane

A

CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3

51
Q

Empirical formula for pentane

A

C5H12

52
Q

What is a structural isomer?

A

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formula

53
Q

What is an alkene?

A

A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons that contain the C=C double bond functional group and the general formula of CnH2n

54
Q

Molecular formula for ethene

A

C2H4

55
Q

Structural formula for ethene

A

CH2=CH2

56
Q

Empirical formula of ethene

A

CH2

57
Q

Molecular formula for propene

A

C3H6

58
Q

Structural formula for propene

A

CH2=CH-CH3

59
Q

Empirical formula for propene

A

CH2

60
Q

Molecular formula for Butene

A

C4H8

61
Q

Structural formula for butene

A

CH2=CH-CH2-CH3

62
Q

Empirical formula for butene

A

CH2

63
Q

Word equation for reaction of bromine and alkane in Uv light

A

Alkane + bromine -(UVlight)—> bromoalkane + hydrogen bromide

64
Q

Word equation for reaction of chlorine with alkane in UV light

A

Alkane + Chlorine -(UVLIGHT)—> chloroalkane + hydrogen chloride

65
Q

What is the name of the type of reaction when alkanes and bromine react under UV light? Why is it called this?

A
  • when alkanes and halogens react, they do a substitution reaction
  • this is because a bromine atom takes the place of one hydrogen atom on the alkane and the other bromine atom forms hydrogen bromide with the other hydrogen that the first bromine took the place of
66
Q

What are the names of the 2 unbranched chain isomers of butene

A

But-1-ene and but-2-ene

67
Q

What happens when alkenes react with bromine water?

A
  • alkenes undergo addition reactions
  • the C=C double bond breaks and becomes a single bond
  • the bromines add onto the 1st and 2nd carbon atoms to produce dibromoalkanes
68
Q

What is the colour change of the bromine water when alkenes react with it?

A

Orange to colourless

69
Q

What is the stem of the product of the addition reaction between bromine water and alkenes?

A

1,2-dibromo-

70
Q

What does the 1,2 in front of the dibromoalkane name mean?

A

Shows that the bromine atoms add onto the 1st and second carbon atoms

71
Q

Describe the addition reaction of alkenes to become dibromoalkanes

A
  • the alkene is put into a bromine water solution that’s orange in colour
  • then the double C=C bond breaks and 2 bromines add onto the first and second carbon atoms
  • THE SOLUTION DECOLOURISES FROM ORANGE TO COLOURLESS
  • this forms a 1,2-dibromoalkane
72
Q

What is the name for when the bromine water changes colour when alkenes are added?

A
  • Decolourising
  • the bromine water decolourises from orange to colourless when alkenes are added
73
Q

How can you distinguish between alkenes and alkanes using bromine water?

A
  • when you add alkenes to bromine water, the colour changes from orange to colourless. This is because the bromine molecules break and add onto the alkenes and produces dibromoalkanes
  • when you put alkanes into bromine water, nothing happens as they are saturated hydrocarbons and don’t have a C=C double bond like alkenes
74
Q

3 reasons why cracking is useful

A
  1. Provides more short chains alkanes that have more uses such as fuels like gasoline
  2. Uses up oversupply of less useful, long chain alkanes
  3. Alkenes are produced = are more reactive + used to make polymers and plastics
75
Q

What are the effects of acid rain on the environment?

A
  • kills aquatic plant and animal life
  • damages trees
  • damages limestone buildings
76
Q

Functional group

A

An atom or group of atoms responsible for a molecule’s chemical properties

Chemistry (10 decks)

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