States of matter Flashcards
Solid in terms of arrangement, energy and movement
Arrangement: Particles are close together and regularly packed.
Movement: Particles vibrate around a fixed point.
Energy: Particles have less kinetic energy than both liquids and gasses.
Liquid in terms of arrangement, energy and movement
Arrangement: Particles are close together but irregular.
Movement: Particles are free to move.
Energy: Particles have less kinetic energy than gasses but more than solids.
Gas in terms of movement, arrangement and energy
Arrangement: Particles are far apart and there are no forces between them.
Movement: Particles are free to move.
Energy: Particles have more kinetic energy than liquids and solids
Melting
When a solid is heated, the energy makes the particles vibrate fast enough so that the forces of attraction between the particles break
Freezing
When a liquid is cooled, the particles move slow enough so that the forces of attraction between them will hold them into a solid
Boiling
When a liquid is heated strongly, the energy makes the particles move fast enough so that all forces of attraction are broken
Condensing
When a gas is cooled, the particles move slow enough so that the forces of attraction between them will hold them as a liquid
Sublimation
A small number of substances have the ability to change directly from a solid to a gas when heated. For example (eg CO2)
What is diffusion in chemistry
Diffusion is the spreading out of particles in a gas or liquid. There is a net movement of particles from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration until a uniform concentration is achieved.
Dilution of coloured solutions (potassium manganate)
Adding more water to the solution causes the potassium manganate(VII) particles to spread out further apart therefore the solutions becomes less purple.
Diffusion experiments
ammonia + hydrogen chloride –> ammonium chloride
The white ring of ammonium chloride forms closer to the hydrochloric acid end because ammonia particles are lighter than hydrogen chloride particles and therefore travel faster.
Even though these particles travel at several hundred metres per second, it takes about 5 min for the ring to form. This is because the particles move in random directions and will collide with air particles in the tube.
Solute
The substance that dissolves
Solvent
The liquid in which the solute dissolves in
Solution
The liquid formed after dissolving
Saturated solution
solution into which no more solute can be dissolved
