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Chemistry > Organic paper 2 > Flashcards

Organic paper 2 Flashcards

1
Q

✨What is a hydrocarbon

A

A compound of hydrogen and carbon only

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2
Q

✨What is a homologous group

A

a family of hydrocarbons who share the same general formula and similar chemical properties . They have the same functional group and gave a trend in physical properties

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3
Q

✨What are isomers

A

Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae.

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4
Q

✨What is crude oil

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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5
Q

✨How does fractional distillation separates crude oil into fractions?

A

A tall fractionating column is fitted above the mixture, with several condensers coming off at different heights. The column is hot at the bottom and cool at the top. Substances with high boiling points condense at the bottom and substances with lower boiling points condense on the way to the top.

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6
Q

✨Name the uses of the main fraction obtained from crude oil

A
  • refinery gas (bottled gas)
  • gasoline (fuel for cars)
  • kerosene (aircraft fuel)
  • diesel (fuel for cars, lorries, buses)
  • fuel oil (fuel for ships, power stations)
  • bitumen (bitumen for roads and roofs)
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7
Q

✨Trend in colour, boiling point and viscosity

A
  • the boiling point increases as the chain length increase
  • the viscosity increases as the chain length increases
  • the greater the chain length, the darker the colour
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8
Q

✨What is a fuel

A

A substance that, when burned, releases heat energy

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9
Q

✨Complete combustion goes to

A

Water + carbon dioxide

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10
Q

✨Incomplete combustion goes to

A

Water + carbon dioxide + carbon monoxide + carbon (eg soot/smoke)

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11
Q

✨Why is carbon monoxide poisonous

A

When it is breathed in it binds to our red blood cells, preventing oxygen from doing so. This reduces the amount of oxygen that your blood is able to transport/ for respiration

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12
Q

✨How are oxides of nitrogen formed

A

In car engines the temperature reached is high enough to allow nitrogen and oxygen from air to react

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13
Q

✨Sulphur dioxide in hydrocarbon fuels

A

The combustion of some impurities results in sulphur dioxide

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14
Q

✨How do sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen contribute to acid rain

A 
This gases dissolve in rain clouds to produce acid rain 
Affects
- health of people
- plants and trees
- buildings
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15
Q

✨How is cracking carried out

A

the hydrocarbons are vaporised then passed over a catalyst (silica/alumina) at high temperatures (600/700 degrees)
It breaks down the long hydrocarbon molecules down into smaller ones (into shorter chain alkanes and alkenes
Cracking is an example of thermal decomposition reaction because the large molecules are converted to smaller molecules using heat

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15
Q

✨General formula for alkanes

A

Cn H2n+2

15
Q

✨Are alkanes saturated

A

Yes because they contain only single bonds

16
Q

✨Why is cracking necessary

A

Because the longer chained hydrocarbons occur in larger supplies than is demanded
There is little use for them - small hydrocarbons burn well + are used as fuels

17
Q

✨Alkenes functional group

A

C=C

18
Q

✨General formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

19
Q

✨Alkenes reaction with bromine (addition reaction)

A

Alkenes + bromine —> dibromoalkane

Orange/brown to colourless

20
Q

✨Eg. Ethene + bromine

A

—> diobromoethane

21
Q

✨Alkanes reaction with bromine/other halogens (substitution reaction)

A

Under UV light

C2H6 + Br2 —> C2H5Br + HBr

22
Q

What is the functional group of carboxylic acids

A

O
=
- C - OH

COOH

23
Q

What is vinegar

A

Vinegar is an aqueous solution contains ethanoic acid

24
Q

Reaction of carboxylic acids with metals

A

Acid + metal -> salt + hydrogen

25
Q

Reaction of carboxylic acids with metal carbonates

A

Acid + metal -> salt + water + carbon dioxide

26
Q

Esters functional group

A

O

C - O

27
Q

What is ethyl ethanoate

A

The ester produced when ethanol and ethanoic acid react in the presence of an acid catalyst

28
Q

Naming esters

A

The alcohol part of the ester forms the ‘ethyl’ part of the name
The acid part of the ester forms the ‘ethanoate’ part of the name

29
Q

How are esters made

A

They can be made by reacting an alcohol with a carboxylic acid

30
Q

Description of esters

A

They are volatile compounds and have distinctive smells which are used as food flavourings and in perfumes

Chemistry (15 decks)

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