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Psycolgy > States Of Consciousness > Flashcards

States Of Consciousness Flashcards

0
Q

Restorative theory

A

sleep is essential to “restore” the physiological processes that keep the body and mind healthy
 NREM sleep is important for restoring non-cognitive functions
 REM sleep is essential in restoring mental functions
 periods of REM sleep increase (REM rebound) following periods of sleep deprivation and significant physical activity
 during sleep, the body also increases its rate of cell division and protein synthesis

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1
Q

Conscious

A

b. “typically”, a state of self-awareness
c. sense that “I” am the same today as yesterday
d. involves the notion of “free-will”
e. is dynamic
f. can be altered

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2
Q

Adaptive non- responding

A

Sleep is adaptive behavior to conserve energy, sleep evolved as a means of remaining inactive during time when wakefulness would be the most hazardous

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3
Q

Evolutionary research indicates

A

mammals, birds, and reptiles sleep
• mammals generally alternate between NREM and REM sleep states
• length of the sleep cycle and the percentage of time spent in NREM and REM states vary with animals
• birds also have NREM/REM cycles
• REM sleep characterizes warm-blooded animals.
• some mammals sleep primarily at night, others primarily during the day
• generally, small mammals tend to sleep more than large ones
• some animals engage in unihemispheric sleep (one side of the brain sleeps while the other side is awake)
• there exist a wide variety of postures and places

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4
Q

Information Consolidation:

A

 people sleep in order to process information that has been acquired during the day
 research suggests that sleep helps establish long-term memories

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5
Q

Insomnia

A

 the inability to fall asleep
 or stay asleep
 or fall asleep again after awakening during the sleep cycle

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6
Q

Sleep deprivation

A

 lack of sufficient REM or NREM sleep
• our sleep debt is monitored by the hypothalamus (note homeostasis)
• REM Rebound: the mind’s attempt to increase the amount of REM sleep in order to compensate for sleep deprivation
• NREM Rebound: the mind’s attempt to increase the amount of NREM sleep in order to compensate for sleep deprivation

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7
Q

Narcolepsy

A 
 to fall asleep:
• suddenly
• involuntarily
• without warning
• at any time
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8
Q

Sleep apnea

A

 the stopping of breathing during the sleep cycle which:
• lowers blood oxygen levels
• disrupts the sleep cycle
• occurs throughout the sleep cycle

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9
Q

Night terrors

A

 NREM episode
 involves sudden “expressions” of fright
 unrelated to a “bad” dream
 generally, no memory of episode

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10
Q

Biology of dreams

A

Hypothalamus (note homeostasis)

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11
Q

Somnambulism

A

 sleepwalking

 NREM episode

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12
Q

Psychoanalytic theory

A

 developed by Sigmund Freud (cf. Personality Theories):

• dreams are considered the “royal road to the unconscious” and involve:

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13
Q

Manifest content

A

 obvious, literal meaning

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14
Q

Latent content

A

underlying, symbolic, or hidden meaning

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15
Q

Wish-fulfillment

A

Compensatory, what one cannot have or,

is forbidden to have (in conscious reality)

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16
Q

Activation-synthesis theory

A

developed by researchers J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley
 research indicates that neurons in the brain stem are activated during REM sleep
 these neurons activate areas of the limbic system
 the cortex seeks:
• to synthesize and interpret this activity:
 creates quasi-meaning from these signals
 results in dreaming

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17
Q

Lucid dreaming

A

a. a dynamic wherein one controls or influences their dream experience
b. can occur when one is aware that they are dreaming (Dream-Initiated Lucid Dreaming)
c. or one can go directly to lucid dreaming from a wakened state (Wake-Initiated Lucid Dreaming)

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18
Q

Hypnosis

A

considered an “altered” state of consciousness wherein one achieves an state of increased suggestibility; regardless of the many “myths” surrounding the experience, hypnosis is useful for the reduction of pain and for the treatment (hypnotherapy) of mental disorders such as dementia, ADHD, and addictive behaviors

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19
Q

Post hypnotic amnesia

A

a. to forget something after hypnosis

b. while under hypnosis, suggestions are made to forget: specific info, experiences

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20
Q

Post hypnotic suggestion

A

a. to remember or do something after hypnosis

b. while under hypnosis, suggestions are made, for example: maintain dieting, resist addictive behavior

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21
Q

Dissociation/ divided consciousness theory

A

a. based upon the research of Ernst Hilgard
b. hypnotized participants and
 demonstrated their ability to divide their conscious experience in an experiment involving pain stimuli

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22
Q

Social influence theory

A

a. disputes the existence of a “hypnotic” state
b. theorizes that people tend to conform to socially constructed roles, for example:
 people do what is expected of them
 people think what is expected of them
 people do what the group does
 people think what the group thinks

23
Q

Psychoactive drugs

A

any chemical, when ingested, effects a change in the activity of the CNS and corresponding sensory and perceptual experiences

24
Q

Agonists

A

chemicals which enhance the effects of a neurotransmitter

25
Q

Antagonists

A

chemicals which inhibit or block the effects of a neurotransmitter

26
Q

Addiction/dependence

A

chronic, involuntary drug use marked by the following features:
 tolerance:
• When the body begins to get used to a drug, consequently
• needing to take more in order to experience the same effect
 withdrawal:
• once addicted to a substance, abstinence from the drug for a period of time results in the experience of withdrawal, involving feelings of discomfort and distress
 Personal distress at school, work, home
 Impaired functioning in daily activities

27
Q

Abuse

A

a. chronic voluntary use, not marked by tolerance or withdrawal, but leads to personal distress and impaired functioning

28
Q

Depressants

A 
 chemicals which slow down the activity of the CNS
 effects include:
• lower inhibitions
• slower processing
• impaired memory
• impaired judgment
 examples of depressants include:
• Alcohol
• Heroin
• Barbiturates
• Opiates
• THC?
29
Q

Stimulants

A

 chemicals which speed up the activity of the CNS, for example:
• increase release of neurotransmitters which elevate mood
• decrease the re-uptake of neurotransmitters which elevate mood
 examples of stimulants include:
• Amphetamines
• Cocaine
• Caffeine
• Nicotine
• Ecstasy (MDMA)

30
Q

Narcotics

A

Chemicals which block the sensation of pain

31
Q

Hallucinogens

A

 chemicals which distort sensory experience
 and/or blend (synesthesia) sensory experience
 examples of hallucinogens include:
• LSD
• Marijuana
 THC (tetrahydrocannabinol):
 the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis
 heightens sensitivity to sounds and colors
 generates a relaxed state.

32
Q

Pre/sub consciousness

A

Personal information and experiences that one is not presently aware, but can bring to awareness

33
Q

Unconscious

A

a. repressed, traumatic/unpleasant experiences
b. instinctual
c. not easily accessible nor subject to personal control
For ex free will is an illusion

34
Q

Altered states

A

a. hypnotic
b. meditative
c. drug-induced

35
Q

No consciousness

A

a. no self awareness
b. no personal control
c. demented
d. comatose
e. death?

36
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Biological/Circadian Rhythms:
2. internal “biological clock”= daily cycle of sleep and wakefulness
3. also called a circadian clock (Latin “circa” = around and “diem” = day)
4. regulates the timing of the sleep/wake cycle
a. biological clock is genetically programmed
b. allow organisms to live in harmony with natural rhythms, such as:
 day/night cycles
 changing of seasons
 seasonal reproductive cycles in some animals
5. cycles last approximately 24-hours in humans
a. the circadian clock in most humans has a natural length of just over 24 hours
b. each “day” the clock must be reset to match the differing cues of our environment
 disrupts efficacy of sleep; leads to a variety of dysfunctions
 note studies on “free-running cycles”
6. biological controls for our biological rhythms are identified in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus
a. a distinct cluster of neurons (10,000?) in the hypothalamus
b. signals received from retinal ganglion cells, not cones and rods, of the eye (re: levels of light)
c. stimulates the production of melatonin
 hormone produced by the pineal gland
 responsible for drowsiness/sleep
 production decreases half-way through the sleep cycles
7. Reticular Activating System (RAS):
a. located in the central brain stem
b. involved with:
 physical movements (e.g., walking or running)
 levels of alertness
 sleep/wake cycle
 various conscious states

37
Q

Steps of circadian rhythm

A

Light, Retina ganglion cells, suprachiasmatic nucleus, hypothalamus, thalamus, lateral geniculate nucleus, pineal gland, melatonin

38
Q

Sleep

A
  1. general info:
    a. sleep is an aspect of a circadian rhythm
    b. all mammals are genetically predisposed to sleep and dream
    c. humans spend approximately a third of their lives sleeping (or they should)
    d. sleep is essential to survive
    e. insufficient sleep diminishes multiple activities; the greater the deficit, the greater the negative impact
    f. the main players in the biology of sleep include:
     retinal ganglion cells
    • register levels of light and sends message to the suprachiasmatic nucleus
     suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus
    • responses to levels of light, signals the pineal gland
     pineal gland
    • responses to signals from the SCN, releases melatonin, which is involved in the regulation of the sleep/wake cycle
     pons
    • initiates REM sleep; sends message to spinal cord, inhibits muscle tone
    • initiates and maintains communication with cortex during sleep
39
Q

Polysomnography

A

a comprehensive examination of neuro-physiological changes that occur during sleep episodes.

40
Q

EEG (electroencephalograph)

A

 measures brain wave activity

• associated with the different stages of sleep

41
Q

b. EOG (electroocculograph):

A

b. EOG (electroocculograph):
 measures ocular (eye) activity
• associated with the different types (NREM/REM) sleep

42
Q

c. EMG (electromyography):

A

 measures muscle tension

• associated with the different stages of sleep

43
Q

d. EKG (electrocardiograph)

A

measures heart activity

44
Q

Body temperature

A

 controlled by the biological clock
 lowest in the “internal” night and rises in the “internal” daytime
Persists even in the absence of sleep

45
Q

NREM

A

 Non-REM sleep
 also referred to as stages 1 through 4 (see below)
 stages 3 and 4 incorporate “deep sleep”

46
Q

REM

A

 “Rapid Eye Movement”

 a.k.a., “dream sleep” (see below)

47
Q

awake presleep

A

 Hypnagogic and hypnopompic states:
• hypnagogic is that state of consciousness just before falling asleep
• hypnopompic is that state just before we wake up
Relaxed

48
Q

Stage 1

A

• Alpha waves:
 short amplitude
 high frequency
• Loss of sensory experience

49
Q

Stage 2

A

• Sleep spindles:

 bursts of rapid brain waves

50
Q

Stage 3

A

Deep sleep

51
Q

Stage 4

A

• Deep sleep
• Delta waves:
 high amplitude
 low frequency

52
Q

Stage 5

A

Rem sleep
 Paradoxical sleep:
• increased internal activity (dreams, arousal)
• decreased external activity (atonia)
 Atonia = loss of muscle tone during “dream sleep” in order to avoid acting out our dreams and potentially harming oneself or one’s partner

53
Q

Sleep cycle

A

a. an average night of sleep will incorporate 5 or 6 episodes (i.e., cycles)
b. each cycle typically lasts approximately 90 minutes
c. in each successive cycle, NREM decreases; REM increases

54
Q

Factors influencing sleep patterns

A

a. Age:
 generally, duration of overall sleep cycle shortens with increased age
b. Genetics:
 except for identical twins, sleep patterns tend to be relative to each individual
c. Culture:
 sleep patterns are impacted by cultural factors such as:
• urbanization
• agriculture
• technology

Psycolgy (8 decks)

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