Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psycolgy > Sensation And Perseption > Flashcards

Sensation And Perseption Flashcards

0
Q

Transduction

A

process by which sensory systems convert physical and chemical stimuli into electrical signals that the nervous system can use

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Sensation

A

the process by which physical and chemical energy are detected from the environment and transduced for the purpose of neural transmission; includes psychophysics, the study of the relationship between physical energy and one’s psychological experiences (sensation and perception)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Attention

A

State of awareness in which someone is able to process stimuli,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Selective attention

A

 state of awareness in which one’s focus is upon one particular stimuli
• multi-tasking is impossible
• most sensations are never perceived

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Inattentional blindness

A

 focusing upon a particular stimulus so that…

 one is “blind” to any other stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Cocktail-party effect

A

 while selectively attending to one particular stimuli, such as listening to someone talking to you, you suddenly change your focus when you hear your name mentioned by someone across the room

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Bottom-up processing

A

Process of sensation

Senses send info to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Absolute thresholds

A

The weakest level of a stimulus that can be correctly detected at least half the time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Signal detection theory

A

 addresses how and when an individual detects a particular stimuli in the midst of much other stimuli
 absolute threshold varies from person to person
 factors influencing signal detection include:
• fatigue • level of attention • expectations • motivation • emotional distress • experience • age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Subliminal stimulation

A

 receiving messages below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
 the reality of this experience is debated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

f. Difference thresholds or Just Noticeable Difference (JND):

A

 minimum difference between any two stimuli that a person can detect 50% of the time
 Weber’s Law: our ability to detect the difference between stimuli is dependent upon the stimuli changing by a constant proportion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Sensory adaption

A

 when someone “gets used to” a stimulus; ex. teacher’s voice
 attention is no longer focused upon repetitive, unchanging stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Vision

A

Process of receiving, transduction the communicating light to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Light

A

a. physical energy
b. comprises the electromagnetic spectrum
c. the visible spectrum:
 the light we can “see”
 only a small portion of the electromagnetic spectrum; characteristics of light include:
• Color, or hue
 determined by wavelength, i.e., the distance from one wave peak to the next wave peak
• Brightness or intensity
 amount of energy in a wavelength
 determined by amplitude, the height of a wave
d. rays of light, when reflected off an object, pass from the object through the cornea
e. then through the pupil, or opening in the iris
f. then are focused by the lens onto the cones and rods of the retina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Anatomy of the eye

A

Pupil, iris, lens, retina, acuity, rods, cones, fovea, optic nerve, blind spot, optic chasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Pupil

A 
 opening in the iris
 smaller in bright light
 larger in dim light
 affected by arousal
 affected by psychoactive drug use
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Iris

A

 colored muscle surrounding the pupil:

 regulates the size of the pupil opening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lens

A

 structure behind the pupil
 changes shape (see accommodation) in order to focus incoming rays onto the retina
• accommodation:
 process of changing the curvature of the lens to focus light rays onto the retina
• nearsightedness:
 too much curvature of the cornea and/or lens
 focuses the image in front of the retina
 nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects
 farsightedness:
• too little curvature of the cornea and or/lens
• focuses the image behind the retina
• distant objects are seen more clearly than nearby objects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Retina

A

 area in the back of the eye
 contains rods and cones that transduce light
 has layers of bipolar cells and ganglion cells that transmit visual information to the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Acuity

A

Ability to detect fine details, sharpness of vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Rods

A

 photoreceptor cells in the retina
 detect black, white, and gray and movement
 necessary for peripheral and dim-light vision when cones do not respond
 distributed throughout the retina, except in the fovea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Cones

A

 photoreceptor cells in the retina
 detect color and fine detail in daylight or in bright-light conditions
 most are concentrated at the fovea of the retina
 none in the periphery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Fovea

A

 small area in the retina
 in the direct line of sight
 incorporates the highest concentration of cones
 produces highest visual acuity in bright light

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Optic nerve

A

the nerve pathway which carries data from the eye to the brain
 carries the neural impulses from the eye to the thalamus
 formed by ganglion cell axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Blind spot

A

 region of the retina where the optic nerve leaves the eye
 no receptor cells here, therefore…
 creates an area with no vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Optic chasm

A

 point, at the base of the brain, where neural messages from the left and right fields of vision from each eye cross over to the opposite hemispheres

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Visual information processing (Hubel and Wiesel, 1979):)

A

a. Feature detectors (Hubel and Wiesel, 1979):
 individual neurons in the primary visual cortex/ occipital lobes
Respond to specific features of a visual stimulus
No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Parallel processing (Livingston and hubel 1988)

A 
 simultaneously analyzing different elements of sensory information, such as:
• color
• brightness
• shape
Yes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q
  1. color vision

a. Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic (three-color) Theory:

A

 retina has three types of color receptors

 each especially sensitive to either red, green, or blue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Color vision: opponent-process theory

A

 involve opposing retinal processes for red-green, yellow-blue, white-black
 some retinal cells are stimulated by one of a pair and inhibited by the other

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Color vision: color consistency

A

 experience of color

 perception of colors will remain the same with shifts of lighting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

hearing (audition)

A

changing waves of air pressure (sound), gathered by the outer ear, are:

  1. funneled through the auditory canal
  2. strike the mechanisms of the middle ear
  3. transduced by the cochlea of the inner air
  4. sent to the thalamus via the medulla and pons
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Sound

A 
 changing waves of air pressure
 physical energy
 characteristics include:
• Loudness:
 determined by amplitude
 the height of a wavelength
 measured in decibels
• Pitch:
 high and low sounds
 determined by frequency
 how often a complete wavelength (cycle) occurs
 measured in hertz
• Timbre:
 complex mixture of sound waves
 characterizes most sounds
 differentiation enables appreciation and recognition involved with a myriad of experiences, for example:
 music appreciation
 voice recognition
 strange or exotic sounds
33
Q

Loudness is determined by

A

 determined by amplitude
 the height of a wavelength
 measured in decibels

34
Q

Pitch is determined by

A

high and low sounds
determined by frequency
how often a complete wavelength (cycle) occurs
measured in hertz

35
Q

Timbre

A 
complex mixture of sound waves
 characterizes most sounds
 differentiation enables appreciation and recognition involved with a myriad of experiences, for example:
 music appreciation
 voice recognition
 strange or exotic sounds
36
Q

Pinna

A

Outer ear, funnels sound to ear

37
Q

Auditory canal

A

Funnels sound to the eardrum, outer ear

38
Q

Eardrum

A

Vibrates with sound waves

Amplifies vibrations

39
Q

Middle ear

A

• transmits eardrum’s vibrations via mechanism of 3 tiny bones:
 hammer
 anvil
 stirrup
 further amplifies sound to inner ear
• Conduction Hearing Loss:
 loss of hearing that results when the eardrum is punctured or
 when any of the 3 bones of the middle ear lose their ability to vibrate
 hearing aid might compensate

40
Q

Cochlea

A

snail-shaped fluid-filled tube with hair cells on the basilar membrane, transduces vibrations via hair receptor cells, inner ear

41
Q

Sensorineural hearing loss

A

loss of hearing that results from damage to the cochlea, hair cells, or auditory neurons
 almost always permanent
 cochlear implants might restore hearing in some cases

42
Q

Auditory nerve

A

• sends transduced stimuli to the brain
• Place Theory:
 how pitch (high and low sounds) is perceived
 vibrations at different locations of the basilar membrane correspond with different pitch
• Frequency Theory:
 frequency of nerve impulses to the brain match the frequency of a high or low pitch

43
Q

Touch

A
  1. the sensation of warmth, cold, pain, and pressure
  2. physical stimuli
  3. skin receptors:
    a. present in differing levels of concentration all over the body
    Transduces stimuli ( see soma sensory cortex)
44
Q

Pain

A

a. experience of physical discomfort
b. message that something is wrong
c. involves neurotransmitter Substance P
d. Gate-Control Theory:
 small nerve fibers “open a gate” in the spinal cord, resulting in pain (in the brain)
 however, the “gate” can be closed by neural activity of larger nerve fibers coming from the brain (ex. hypnosis aids brain-controlled pain)

45
Q

Taste

A
  1. sensation of chemical stimuli
  2. sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and possibly umami
  3. taste buds:
    a. sensory receptors
    b. located on tongue and back of throat
    c. transduce stimuli
  4. Sensory interaction: senses add to or change perception of another
46
Q

Smell (olfaction)

A
  1. sensation of chemical stimuli
  2. closely related to taste
  3. olfactory receptors
    a. located in a mucous membrane on the roof of the nasal cavity
    b. molecules must reach membrane and dissolve to be sensed
    c. transduce stimuli
    d. messages are sent to the limbic system
47
Q

Kinesthetic sense

A
  1. body sense that provides info about position and movement of individual part of body
  2. receptors located in muscles, tendons, and joints
48
Q

Vestibular sense

A

sense of equilibrium
hair-like receptors are located in semicircular canals in the inner ear,
Transduce stimuli

49
Q

Perception

A

the subjective process of selecting, organizing, and interpreting sensations; creation of a personal reality

50
Q

Top-down processing

A

a. forming perceptions based upon personal experiences

51
Q

Perceptual set

A

• tendency to perceive sensory input on the basis of past experience;
• perpetuates misperceptions
b. knowledge and behaviors that have proven successful are selected as the measures by which we interpret and organize our world

52
Q

Visual capture

A

 vision usually dominates when there is a conflict of sense input (ex., vision vs. sound) (eg., movie theater)

53
Q

Perceptual organization

A

how sensory data is organized

54
Q

Gestalt

A
  • German word for “form” or “whole”
  • name of cognitive theory, developed by Max Wertheimer in the early 1900s
  • the mind’s drive to see, or create, meaning from sensory data
  • follows a set of organizational rules or principles including:
55
Q

Figure and ground

A

 seeing any object (figure) relative to its background (environment)
 sometimes the relationship reverses, but we always recognize a figure against a ground

56
Q

Law of pragnanz

A

Simplest possible way of grouping

57
Q

Proximity

A

Close objects and figures are grouped together

58
Q

Similarity

A

Similar object and figures are grouped together

59
Q

Continuity

A

Continuous patterns are perceived instead of discontinuous ones

60
Q

Connectedness

A

The tendency to link objects together

61
Q

Closure

A

The tendency to fill in gaps

To create a complete full object

62
Q

Depth perception

A

Ability to experience three-dimension
Assists in judging depth and distance
Visual cliff experiment: designed by Eleanor Gibson, tests whether or not depth perception is innate, results restricted to biological preparedness (infants couldn’t participate)

63
Q

Binocular cues

A

 cues about distance which requires two eyes
 Retinal disparity
• the difference between images on each retina provides cues to the brain in judging distance
 Convergence:
• the inward movement, or convergence, of each eye when viewing an object
• the greater the convergence, the closer the distance

64
Q

Monocular cues

A

 cues about distance which require one eye
 Relative size:
• comparing objects similar in size, the smaller one is perceived as farther away

65
Q

Interposition

A

An object that blocks the view of another is perceived as closer

66
Q

Relative clarity

A

Fuzzy hazy objects are perceived as father away

67
Q

Texture gradient

A

gradual change from coarse, distinct texture to a fine, indistinct texture
signals increase in distance

68
Q

Relative height

A

objects higher in vision are perceived as farther

69
Q

Relative motion (motion parallax)

A

how distance from an object is perceived while in motion
the speed with which stable objects move past a perceiver in the opposite direction signals the distance of the object from the perceiver

70
Q

Linear perspective

A

parallel lines appear to converge with distance

the more the lines converge, the greater the apparent distance

71
Q

Light and shadow

A

closer objects reflect more light to our eyes

dimmer objects seem farther away

72
Q

Phi phenomenon

A

when two stationary and adjacent lights blink in succession
perceived as a single light moving back and forth
Type of Motion perception

73
Q

Stroboscopic effect

A

• the perception of movement due to:
a series of slightly different images, one replacing the next, used in film making
Type of motion perception

74
Q

Perceptual consistency

A

 perception of an object as unchanging
• even when the immediate sensation of the object changes
Subject to illusions

75
Q

Shape and size consistencies

A

• perception of the form of an object remains constant

 even with change in angle/view point

76
Q

Size-distance relationship

A

• objects farther away can appear larger when compared to cues around them
 ex., the moon illusion

77
Q

Lightness consistency

A

perception of an object as having a constant lightness even while its illumination varies

78
Q

Perceptual adaption

A

ability to adapt to changing sensory input (see sensory adaptation)

79
Q

Extra sensory perception

A

ESP; controversial claim that perception can occur apart from sensory input

80
Q

Parapsychology

A 
a. study of paranormal events, includes:
 telepathy
 clairvoyance
 precognition
 telekinesis/psychokinesis.

Psycolgy (8 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions