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Psychology 104 > States of Consciousness > Flashcards

States of Consciousness Flashcards

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1
Q

Define

Conciousness

A

The moment-to-moment subjective experience of the world, bodies, and mental sensations
* Subjective
* Dynamic (changes constantly)
* Self-reflective

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2
Q

How does one measure consiousness?

A
  • Self reports
  • Introspection
  • Behavioural tests (mirror-rouge test)
  • Psychological measures
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3
Q

Cognitive View of Consiousness

A

Humans are “information processors”
* The”mind” is the computer’s software and the brain is the computer’s hardware
* This is an oversimplification

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4
Q

Define

Controlled Processing

A

Controlled (effortful) Processing
Mental processing that requires some degree of volitional control and attentiveness

Ex. Doing math problems, studying for an exam

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5
Q

Define

Automatic Processing

A

Mental activities that occur automatically and require no or minimal conscious control or awareness

Ex. Riding a bike,

Just thinking about a behaviour can be detrimental to its processing

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6
Q

Define

Divided Attention

A

The ability to perform more than one activity at the same time
* Difficult if tasks require similar cognitive resources
* Believed to be made possible by automatic processing

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7
Q

Define

Circadian Rhythm

A

Cyclical changes that occur on a roughly 24-hour basis in many biological processes

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8
Q

Which part of the brain regulates the Circadina Rythm

A

Regulated by the Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (the clock of the brain)
* Pineal gland releases melatonin

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9
Q

How much sleep do we really need?

A

7-10 hours

Dependant on many factors
* Age
* Health
* Quality of sleep
* Genetics
* Species

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10
Q

Effects of Sleep Depravation?

A

Difficulties learning
Poor attention
Lethargy
Hallucinations
Poor Health
Weight Gain
Heart Problems
Diabetes

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11
Q

Explain the Case Study

Randy Gardener

A

Longest time someone stayed awake
Randy Gardener
16 years old
Did it as a science fair project
Effect of sleep deprivation on consciousness
No stimulants to stay awake

2 days led to big side effects
Hard to speech
Hard to identify objects

Day 3
Really emotional
Strong mood swings
Day 4
All senses significantly impaired
Basketball skills improved?
Day 11
Expressionless appearance
Mental abilities severely impaired

He was fine after 14 hours of sleep

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12
Q

How does Sleep help you?

A

Sleep combates the buildup of adenosine in the brain

Sleep helps control the glymphatic system

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13
Q

How many stages of sleep are there?

A

5

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14
Q

Stage 1

Sleep

A
  • Theta waves (4-7 waves per second)
  • Myoclonic jerks (the sudden muscle contractions when youre trying to sleep)
  • Hypnagogic imagery (bizzare, random dreamlike images)
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15
Q

Stage 2

Sleep

A

Sleep Spindles
* Short burst of neural activity

K-complexes
* A large waveform that occurs intermittently
* Appear every one to two minutes
* Only occur when one is sleeping

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16
Q

Stage 3 and 4

Sleep

A
  • Delta waves (1-2 waves per second)
  • Stage three less than 50% are delta
  • Stage 4 more than 50% are delta
  • “Deep Sleep
  • Required for feeling well rested
  • Time spent in this declines with age
17
Q

Stage 5

Sleep

A

REM

  • Rapid eye movement
  • The brain is most active here
18
Q

Is there only one cycle of the sleep cycle overnigt?

A

NOPE

You do it multiple times

19
Q

Why do we sleep

A

We’re not quite sure, but the main theories are:
* Energy conservation
* Adaptive for avoiding predation
* Restorative (gives the body time to heal)

20
Q

Insomnia

A

Difficulty falling and staying asleep
* Regularly taking more than 30 minutes to fall asleep
* Waking too early in the morning
* Waking up during the night and trouble returning to sleep
* Factors such as age, drug use and exercise, mental status and bedtime routines help contribute

21
Q

Treatment for Insomnia

A
  • Make a consistent sleep wake schedule
  • GO TO BED ONLY IF YOU’RE TIRED
  • Exercise regularly
  • Avoid drugs like caffeine and alcohol
22
Q

Narcolepsy

A

An irregular control of sleep wake cycles

Symptoms
* Sleep attacks (often happens during times of rest)
* Cataplexy
* * About 70% of narcoleptic patients
* * Loss of voluntary control of muscles (has a range of severity)
* Hypnagogic (sleep onset) and Hypnopompic (sleep offset) hallucinations
* * The individual is not aware that they’re dreaming
* * Often not pleasant
* Sleep paralysis
* Disturbed nighttime sleep
* * They often fall asleep very fast and enter REM sleep, then follow regular sleep patterns

23
Q

Possible causes of Narcolepsy?

A

Genetic and environmental causes are at play
Identical twins only have a 20% chance of both having narcolepsy if one has one

24
Q

Treatments for Narcolepsy?

A

Pharmacological stimulants
Behavioural strategies

25
Q

Sleep Apnea

A

Disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue
* Irritability
* Similar to Insomnia, but people aren’t aware it’s happening
* Many people have this 2-4% of the population

Creates health problems
Night sweats
* Weight gain
* Hearing loss
* Irregular heartbeat

Treatment
* Weight loss
* CPAP air mask

26
Q

Night Terrors

A

Sudden waking episodes characterised by screaming, perspring, and confusion followed by a return to deep sleep
* You can’t wake people up from this
* Common in children
* Occurs in stages 3 and 4 of sleep
* Not associated with nightmares
* Harmless

Treatment
* Getting older

27
Q

Sleep Walking

A

“Somnambulism”
* Walking while fully asleep
* Walking while totally asleep
* Occurs during deep sleep stages
* Usually harmless
* Common in children
* Not acting out dreams
* No harm in waking up a sleepwalker

28
Q

Freud’s Dream Theory

A
  • While dreaming, you get “wish-fulfilment”
  • How we wish things could be
  • Prevents our primal urges to bubble out too much (like a pressure valve)

Urges and desires are expressed symbolically
Manifest Content: the raw facts and details about the dream
Latent Content: the underlying meaning about details within the dream

29
Q

Activation Synthesis Theory

A

Theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which cortical regions of the brain then attempt to weave into story
* REM is induced by increased Acetylcholine in the Pons and reductions in Serotonin and norepinephrine
* Your brain is used to sensory input and they’re trying to interpret the information they have

30
Q

Out of Body experiences (OBE)

A

The sensation of our consciousness leaving our body
* Approx 10% of the general population experience this

People with this often report other strange experiences as well (hallucinations, perceptual distortions, lucid dreams)

OBE’s often occur in conjunction with near-death experiences
* People who thought they were going to die

Can be induced
The big spinny thing they use to train fighter pilots

The “god helmet”
Created to combat the claim that paranormal encounters exist
Alleged to induce a variety of experiences
Disrupts the brain’s wavelength?
Suffers from replication attempts
No attained effect if the participant and researcher don’t know about the waves

People have actually tried to measure whether someone was left their body
Most of these are retrospective accounts (not very accurate)
None of these cases have had good results

31
Q

Deja Vu

A

Feeling of reliving an experience that is new
Lasts 10-30 seconds

Possible causes
* Excess levels of dopamine in temporal lobe
* People who have small seizures in their temporal lobe often repost deja vu before hand
* Resemblance of past events poorly remembered

32
Q

Hypnosis

A

Set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviours

People are chosen to be “hypnotised” on the basis of their suggestibility
* They are preselected ahead of the performance
* People on stage often feel compelled to do things because of peer pressure
* They are not “hypnotised” to be suggestible

33
Q

Regression Therapy

A

People are hypnotised to remember events from childhood (where their psych problems originated)

Problems:
* Reports of age-regressed individuals often cannot be corroborated by individuals present at the time
* Poggendorff Illusion (used to assess age)
* EEG responses

34
Q

Problems with Past Life Therapy

A

Claims of regressed individuals often prove false when fact-checked
Ability to be regressed to a past life is dependant on a belief in reincarnation

35
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

Substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in the brain that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in the neurons
* Alter how we think, feel, or act

36
Q

What are the types of psychactive drugs?

A

Depressants - Decreased activity of CNS
Stimulants - INcreased activity of CNS
Opiates - Sense of euphoria, decreased pain
Psychedelics (Hallucinogens) - Altered perception, mood, and thoughts

Psychology 104 (7 decks)

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