States of Consciousness Flashcards

Question

Sleep Apnea

Answer 1

Disorder caused by a blockage of the airway during sleep, resulting in daytime fatigue * Irritability * Similar to Insomnia, but people aren’t aware it's happening * Many people have this 2-4% of the population Creates health problems Night sweats * Weight gain * Hearing loss * Irregular heartbeat Treatment * Weight loss * CPAP air mask

Answer 2

Sudden waking episodes characterised by screaming, perspring, and confusion followed by a return to deep sleep * You can’t wake people up from this * Common in children * Occurs in stages 3 and 4 of sleep * Not associated with nightmares * Harmless Treatment * Getting older

Answer 3

“Somnambulism” * Walking while fully asleep * Walking while totally asleep * Occurs during deep sleep stages * Usually harmless * Common in children * Not acting out dreams * No harm in waking up a sleepwalker

Answer 4

* While dreaming, you get “wish-fulfilment” * How we wish things could be * Prevents our primal urges to bubble out too much (like a pressure valve) Urges and desires are expressed symbolically **Manifest Content**: the raw facts and details about the dream **Latent Content**: the underlying meaning about details within the dream

Answer 5

Theory that dreams reflect inputs from brain activation originating in the pons, which cortical regions of the brain then attempt to weave into story * REM is induced by increased Acetylcholine in the Pons and reductions in Serotonin and norepinephrine * Your brain is used to sensory input and they’re trying to interpret the information they have

Answer 6

The sensation of our consciousness leaving our body * Approx 10% of the general population experience this People with this often report other strange experiences as well (hallucinations, perceptual distortions, lucid dreams) OBE’s often occur in conjunction with near-death experiences * People who thought they were going to die Can be induced The big spinny thing they use to train fighter pilots The “god helmet” Created to combat the claim that paranormal encounters exist Alleged to induce a variety of experiences Disrupts the brain’s wavelength? Suffers from replication attempts No attained effect if the participant and researcher don’t know about the waves People have actually tried to measure whether someone was left their body Most of these are retrospective accounts (not very accurate) None of these cases have had good results

Answer 7

Feeling of reliving an experience that is new Lasts 10-30 seconds Possible causes * Excess levels of dopamine in temporal lobe * People who have small seizures in their temporal lobe often repost deja vu before hand * Resemblance of past events poorly remembered

Answer 8

Set of techniques that provides people with suggestions for alterations in their perceptions, thoughts, feelings, and behaviours People are chosen to be “hypnotised” on the basis of their suggestibility * They are preselected ahead of the performance * People on stage often feel compelled to do things because of peer pressure * They are not “hypnotised” to be suggestible

Answer 9

People are hypnotised to remember events from childhood (where their psych problems originated) Problems: * Reports of age-regressed individuals often cannot be corroborated by individuals present at the time * Poggendorff Illusion (used to assess age) * EEG responses

Answer 10

Claims of regressed individuals often prove false when fact-checked Ability to be regressed to a past life is dependant on a belief in reincarnation

Answer 11

Substance that contains chemicals similar to those found naturally in the brain that alter consciousness by changing chemical processes in the neurons * Alter how we think, feel, or act Effects depend on: * Dose * Type You need to do placebo studies to measure the actual effect of the drug

Answer 12

Depressants - Decreased activity of CNS Stimulants - Increased activity of CNS Opiates - Sense of euphoria, decreased pain Psychedelics (Hallucinogens) - Altered perception, mood, and thoughts

Answer 13

The study of how things seem to the consious person

Answer 14

The fundamental difficulty we have in perceiving the consiouseness of others

Answer 15

**Intentionality** - It's always about something **Unity** - The ability to integrate information from all the senses into one coherent whole **Selectivity** - Being able to include some things and not others, filtering information **Transience** - The tendancy to change

Answer 16

People tune in one message even while they filter out others nearby

Answer 17

a low-level kind of sensory awareness and responsivness that occurs when the mind inputs sensations and may output behaviour

Answer 18

You know and are able to report your mental state

Answer 19

A distinct level of consiousness in which the person's attention is drawn to the self as an object

Answer 20

**Coma** - Appear deeply asleep, do not respond to stimuli, complete unawareness **Vegetative State** - Alternate beween eyes open and eyes closed state, may take actions (grunts, smiles, etc.) but none of them are produced reliably inresponse to external stimuli, on evidence of being aware of surroundings **Minimally Consious** - Can respond reliably to external stimuli

Answer 21

Having full awareness, but unable to express it (unable to move voluntary muscles)

Answer 22

The attempt to change the consious state of the mind * Includes thought suppression * This often causes the opposite of the intended effect (rebound effect of thought suppression)

Answer 23

ironic errors occur because the mental process that monitors errors can itelf produce them

Answer 24

All the mental processes that give rise to a person's thought, choices, emotions, and behaviour even though they are not experienced by the person

Answer 25

We have two different systems in our brains for processing information: fast (automatic, system 1), and slow (controlled, system 2)

Answer 26

Beta waves are higher frequency, associated with alertness Alpha waves are lower frequency, associated with relaxation BONUS: Theta waves are lower frequncy than alpha waves, occur in 1st stage of sleep, 2nd stage has lower frequncy sleep spindles & K complexes, Stage 3 and 4 have even lower frequency delta waves, REM sleep has random waves

Answer 27

1. Intense emotion 2. Thought is illogical (Time and locations are constructs that no longer apply) 3. Sensation is fully formed and meaningful 4. Uncritical acceptance (That dinosaur definatly belongs here) 5. We have difficulty remembering a dream after its over

Answer 28

The theory that the purpose of dreams is to simulate threataning situations to practice escaping them

Answer 29

The tendancy for larger drug doses to be required over time to acheive the same effect

Answer 30

The pain, convulsions, hallucinations, or other inplesant symptoms that accompany withdrawl from drug use * Having physical dependance on drugs mans that you ave to continue to use the drug to avoid becoming physically ill

Answer 31

Strong desire to return to the drug, even when the physical withdrawl symptoms are gone

Answer 32

**Expectancy Theory** - Alcohol effects can be produced by people's expectations of how alcohol will influence them in particular situations **Alcohol Myopia** - A condition that results when alcohol hampers attention, leading people to respond in simple ways to complex situations

Answer 33

Must enter via the bloodstream

Answer 34

The user has significant and recurring impairments in their life as a result of the drug * Note: This is simplified

Answer 35

Reduction in the effect of a drug as a result of repeated use, requiring users to consume greater quantities to achieve the same effect * You body will learn to compensate for the presence of drugs in the body, lessening their effect * Take away the drug and the compensatory response will still exist (withdrawal)

Answer 36

Unpleasant effect of reducing or stopping consumption of a drug that users had consumed habitually

Answer 37

Drugs that decrease nervous system activity Ie. Alcohol, Barbiturates, and Tranquilizers

Answer 38

Depressant * Increases GABA * Decreases Glutamate * At low doses inhibitory control centres in the cortex are “depressed” * Creates a release of inhibitions * “Upper” phase of drinking * At higher doses other regions are “depressed” * Loss of motor control * Impaired judgement (alcohol myopia) * A “short-sightedness in thinking caused by a inability to pay to as much attention as a sober person * “Downer” phase of drinking * This causes people to try to drink more to bring back the high

Answer 39

Depresants Sleeping pills and sedatives * Increase GABA activity * Addictive * High does can lead to depressing, a loss of motor coordination, and memory impairments * Notoriously overprescribed, especially to 1800s housewives * Withdrawal symptoms are bad * Insomnia and anxiety

Answer 40

Drugs that cause an increase in nervous activity Ex. Caffeine, amphetamines, methamphetamine, MDMA (estasy), Cocaine

Answer 41

Stimulant * Reduce sleep, fatigue, appetite, and depression * Increase dopamine and norepinephrine * Injections can lead to massive spikes in blood pressure * Can cause strokes and brain damage * **Amphetamine Psychosis** * Schizophrenia-like hallucinations that occur when the brains dopamine activity is artificially increased far beyond normal levels

Answer 42

Stimulant * A type of amphetamine Uses and Effects: * Inhaled via smoking * More potent than average amphetamine * Higher risk of OD and dependance * Ingredients to make it are accessible * Can cause aggression, paranoia, acne, “meth moulth”

Answer 43

Stimulant Induces release of epinephrine and its reuptake * Causes feelings of euphoria

Answer 44

Stimulant * Grows from a south american plant (it's a shrub) * Common “curative” in the 1800s * Can be injected, snorted, or inhaled (smoked) Effects: * Has analgesic properties * Creates excitements and euphoria * Blocks reuptake of dopamine and norepinephrine * Mild withdrawal symptoms with strong cravings for the frup * Restlessness * Anhedonia Effects at High doses: * Hallucinations * Delusions

Answer 45

Bind to opioid/endorphin receptors and produce analgesic and euphoric effects * Derived from opium poppy * Can lead to increased levels of dopamine leading to euphoria * Many ways to administer Examples * Morphine * Codeine * Heroin (like x2 more effective than morphine and very addictive) (watch Trainspotting?) * Fentanyl (more powerful than Oxy-Contin) * Oxy-Contin

Answer 46

Drugs that cause dramatic alterations of perception, mood, and thought * Can enhance, distort, and intensify sensory experience * Effects are often unpredictable leading to paranoia, violence, and anxiety in some people

Answer 47

Hallucinogen (psychedelic) * Comes from the leaves of a plant * Primary ingredient THC Effects: * Stimulates cannabinoid receptors * “Slows time”, the “giggles” * Short effect * Negative effects on attention and memory Myths: * Acts as a “gateway drug” * Causes amotivational syndrome (not caring about things)

Answer 48

Hallucinogen (psychodelic) Effects: * Time “slows down” * Kaleidoscopic vision * Affects dopamine and serotonin receptors (5HG2A) * Very few people have died from LSD overdoses Note: project MK-Ultra was the US government giving peolpe this drug without consent

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States of Consciousness Flashcards

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