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Psychology 104 > Emotion and Motivation > Flashcards

Emotion and Motivation Flashcards

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1
Q

Appraisal

Psychology

A

“Conscious or unconscious evaluations and interpretations of the emotion-relevant aspects of a stimulus or event “
- How you percive an event
- This leads to the emotions you feel from it

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2
Q

Action tendancies

A

“a readiness to engage in a specific set of emotion-relevent behaviours”
- A reaction to the emotion
- ie. freezing, aproach, avoidance

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3
Q

The fast pathway of fear

A

Stimulus → Thalamus →Amygdala →Experience of fear

  • Quick assesment
  • “Is this going to be a problem for my survival?”
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4
Q

Slow Pathway of Fear

A

Stimulus → Thalamus → Cortex →Amygdala →Experience of fear

  • Slow assesment
  • Emotional Regualtion
  • “Downregualtion”
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5
Q

Emotional Expression

A

An observable sign of an emotional state

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6
Q

Universality Hypothosis

Emotion

A

All emotional expressions mean the same thing in all places at all times

  • Advanced by Charles Darwin
  • Not quite what actually happens
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7
Q

What are the univeral emotions?

Hint: there are 7 of them

A
  • Happiness
  • Sadness
  • Surprise
  • Anger
  • Disgust
  • Fear
  • Contempt
  • (pride is considered an eighth emotion by some)
    These combine to form secondary emotions
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8
Q

The facial feedback hypothesis

A

Emotional expressions can cause the emotional experiences they typically signify

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9
Q

Display Rule

Psychology

A

A norm for the appropiate expression of emotion

  • ie. Insulting your sister’s cookies vs forcing yourself to eat your grandma’s cookies (with a smile :) )
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10
Q

Types of deceptive expression

Psychology

A

Intesification - Exaggeration the expression of emotion

Deintensification - Muting the expression of one’s emotion

Masking - Expressing one emotion while feeling another

Neutralizing - “Poker face”

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11
Q

Motivation

A

“The internal causes of purposeful behaviour” (textbook definition)

“A processes that influences the types of behaviour that gets expressed and its persistence” (Professor’s Definition)
* This is not an explanation for behaviour (if often uses the description of the behaviour to prove the motivation exists)
* Circular logic

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12
Q

The Hedonic Principle

A

People are primarily motivated to experience pleasure and avoid pain

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13
Q

Affect Labelling

A

Involves putting feelings into words

  • An effective emotional regulation stratagy
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14
Q

Reappraisal

Emotions

A

Conging one’s emotional experience by changing the way one thinks about the emotion elicting stimulus
* An emotional regulation stategy

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15
Q

Orexigenic vs Anorexigenic Signals

A

Orexigenic - Signal to the brain sturning hunger on

Anorexigenic - Signal to the brain turning hunger off

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16
Q

Ghrelin

A

Hormone produced in the stomach
* Seems to tell the brain to switch hunger on (orexigenic)
* Also temporallary increases learning and memory

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17
Q

Leptin

A

Chemical secreted by fat cells
* Tells the brain to switch hunger off (anorexigenic)
* People with a deficiency in this have a hard time controlling their diets

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18
Q

What part of the brain recieves orexigenic signals?

A

The lateral hypothalamus

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19
Q

What part of the brain recieves anorexigenic signals?

A

The ventromedial hypothalamus

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20
Q

Binge Eating Disorder (BED)

A

“an eating disorder characterized by recurrent and uncontrolled episodes of consuming a large number of calories in a short time”

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21
Q

What is the official definition of obesity

A

Having a BMI of 30 or higher

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22
Q

Evolutionary Mismatch

A

“the idea that traits that were adaptive in an ancestral environment may be maladaptive in a modern environment”
* ie. The drive to seek out high sugar foods (good 1000 years ago, causes problems now)

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23
Q

Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)

A

A hormone involved in the initial onset of sexual desire

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24
Q

Human Sexual Rsponse Cycle

A

Exitement Phase - Muscle tension and increased bloodflow in sexual organs, increased heartrate

Plateau Phase - Higher heart rate and muscle tension, urinary bladder closes (males)

Orgasm Phase - Breathing becomes rapid, rythmic contractions (males and females)

Resolution Phase - Muscles relax, blood presure drops, body returns to normal

25
Q

intrinsic motivation

A

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

26
Q

Extrinsic Motivation

A

Actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward

27
Q

Approach Motivation

A

the motivation to experience positive outcomes

28
Q

Avoidance Motivation

A

The motivation to avoid experiencing negative outcomes

29
Q

Loss Adversion

A

The tendancy to care more about avoiding losses than about achiving equal-size gains

30
Q

Terror Managment Theory

A

“a theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality and it suggests that one way in which people cope with this knowledge is by developing a cultural worldview”

31
Q

Drive Reduction Theory

A

Theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize adverse states
* Drive: A drive is a hypothetical internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension
* Homeostasis: The tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment while continuously interacting with and adjusting to changes originating within or outside the system

Problems:
* Does not explain the presence of behaviours when drives are satisfied
* Does not explain the presence of behaviours that have no obvious biological imperative

32
Q

Incentive and Expectancy Theories

A

Theories proposing that we’re often motivated by positive goals
* Assumes stimuli have different levels of “incentive value”

Incentive: an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour

Expectancy Theories
* Assume goal-directed behaviour is determined by two factors
* Expectancy
* Value
* Motivation = expectancy x incentive value

33
Q

Self-Determination Theory

A

Humanistic Theory

Three needs:
Competence
* Essential to wellness
* Feel effective in your environment

Autonomy
* Self-endorsed behaviour
* We feel like we have choice

Relatedness
* Feeling cared for and connected to others
* All about connection
* We feel like we matter in people’s lives

The thing about humanistic theories is that they’re very vague and ambiguous
* It’s hard to study and difficult, if not impossible, to falsify

34
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

Model developed by Abraham Maslow proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs
* Humanistic Perspective

Problem: Numerous things appear to contradict the hierarchy
* The starving artist
* Prisoners of war enduring torture
* People starving themselves to be thin

Self-Actualization: “the desire for self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for him (the individual) to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that on is capable of becoming”

35
Q

Metabolism

Hunger

A

The bodies rate of caloric utilization
* Basal metabolism - metabolic rate when a body is at rest
* Homeostasis is maintained through transmission of “short” and “long”-term signals
* Long term signals are things like keeping track of how much body fat there is
* Set Point: Value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain

36
Q

Short Term Signals for Hunger

A

Hunger Pangs
* Correspond to feeling of hunger and safety
* Correlation does not equal causation

Glucose Levels
* Glucostatic Theory: Theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose

37
Q

Short-term Signals for Satiety

A
  • Distention of the stomach and intestine
    • Peptide hormones are released into the blood and suppress appetite
    • Cholecystokinin: Peptide hormone released by small intestine
  • Nutritious foods generate satiety more effectively than non-nutritious foods
38
Q

Long-term Signals Regulating Appetite and Weight

A

Leptin:
* Hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
* Laboratory Models of Obesity and Appetite
* Mice with the (ob) obesity gene mutation are unable to produce leptin and will overeat

Brain Mechanisms

39
Q

Brain Mechanisms of Hunger

A

Lateral Hypothalamus
* Electrical stimulation leads to increased eating
* Lesioning destroys hunger responses, leading to starvation
* May be due to digestive responses, leading to decreased capacity to respond to stimuli
Ventromedial Hypothalamus
* Electrical stimulation leads to decreased eating
* Leasioning leads to excess food consumptions
Paraventricular Nucleus
* A cluster of nerons in the hypothalamus
* Contains neuropeptife Y releasing neuros
* Neuropeptife Y stimulates appetite (its inhibited by leptin)

40
Q

Behavioural Approach

Psychology of Hunger

A

Respondent conditioning
* Food related stimuli function as a CS electing food-related CRs
* Golden arches (CS) may cause ghrelin increase (CR)

Operant Conditioning
* CRs and other stimuli can function as discriminative cues

Effects of generalization

41
Q

Cognitive Perspective

Psychology of Hunger

A

Expectations that eating will be pleasurable and will reduce hunger stimulate eating

42
Q

How doe palatability, quantity, and variety affect hunger

A

Palatability
Better tasting foods are consumed in larger quantities

Quantity Available
Greater amounts of food (larger plate portions) lead to greater consumption

Variety
Different types of food lead to greater overall consumption because satiation is usually specific to a particular type of food and not food in general

43
Q

Obesity

A

Defined as a body mass index (BMI) > 30
* 19.8% of men are considered obese
* 16.8% of women are considered obese

No consistent psychological differences obtained between obese and non-obese

Heritability estimates and twin studies suggest some degree of genetic component
* 40-70% of variation of genetics to variation in BMI
* Does not account for the large growth in recent history of obesity

Environmental factors:
* High caloric, non-nutritional foods, are widely available
* Karketing, and the cultural imperative to “get the best value”
* Technology has led to sedentary lifestyles

44
Q

Bulimia Nervosa

A

Eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight
* Cycle of binging and purging believed to be maintained through positive (binging) and negative reinforcement (purging)
* Occurs in 1-3% of the population
* 95% of people diagnosed with this are women
* Report high levels of body dissatisfaction
* Most support suggests media representation and social pressures play a strong role in eliciting these behaviours among people more genetically predisposed for it

45
Q

Anorexia Nervosa

A

Eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss, food restriction, and a strong desire to be thin
* Show signs of extreme emaciation and malnourishment
* Found in 0.5-1% of the population
* Report high levels of body dissatisfaction and distortion
* They tend not to see this condition as a problem
* This is found across all cultures and time periods
* It’s not a newly precedent condition like bulimia
* Mortality rate of 5-10%
* Heritability 28-58%

46
Q

Cognitive Components of Emotion

A

Cognitive Component - Subjective conscious experience
* The feeling of being afraid, anxious, angry, in pain, in love, etc.
* This is hard to study, because we can’t read people’s minds
* The way a question is posed can have serious effects on response
* Emotions are automatic
* We can’t choose which emotions we have
* There are good and bad emotions
* How someone verbally describes their emotions is a good indicator of their quality of life

47
Q

Physiological Components of Emotion

A

Physiological Component - Autonomic Response
* Sweaty palms, dilated pupils, increased heart rates, goosebumps

48
Q

Behavioural Components of Emotion

A

Behavioural Component - Overt behavioural expressions
* Screaming in terror, blushing, kissing

49
Q

What does the polygraph test measure?

A

The physiological components of emotion

Typically measures
* Heart rate
* Blood pressure
* Respiration
* Galvanic Skin Response
* Increase in electrical conductivity of the skin when sweat glands operate

Note: Better than chance levels of detecting lies
BUT High rate of false-positives
* ~40% of innocent people are labelled as guilty
* Does not have a way of separating physiological stress from guilt

50
Q

Non-Verbal Leakage

A

Unconscious spillover of emotions into verbal behaviour

51
Q

Personal Space

Emotion

A

Emotional Distance is often positively correlated with physical distance
* This does not apply to aggressive displays
* Children don’t care about this
* Women tend to get closer than men

52
Q

James-Lange Theory

Emotion

A
  • “I feel afraid because I tremble”
  • Conscious experience of emotion results from autonomic arousal
  • Different patterns of autonomic activation lead to different emotional experiences

This is backed by this fact that teaching people to act relaxed lets them feel relaxed
* Does not account for all responses

53
Q

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotion

A
  • “Godzilla makes me feel afraid and tremble”
  • Both conscious and physiological responses occur simultaneously
54
Q

Two Factor Theory

Emotion

A
  • “I label my trembling as fear because I appraise the situation as dangerous”
  • High focus on environment
  • Applies to both positive and negative emotions
55
Q

Mere Exposure Effect

A

The more familiar we are with stimuli, the more we’re comfortable with is
* This is used in advertising and politics

Possible Reasons:
* Familiar things require less cognitive work
* Respondent conditioning
* You learn something is safe and reliable

56
Q

Explain the brain mechanism of hunger

Lateral Hypothalamus

A

Electrical stimulation leads to increased eating:
◦ Lesioning destroys hunger responses, leading to starvation.
◦ May be due to digestive responses and a general decreased capacity to respond to stimuli

57
Q

Explain the brain mechanism of hunger

Ventromedial Hypothalamus

A

◦ Electrical stimulation leads to decreased eating:
◦ Lesioning leads to excess food consumption

58
Q

Explain the brain mechanism of hunger

Paraventricular Nucleus

A

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus.
◦ Contains neuropeptide Y releasing neurons.
◦ Neuropeptide Y stimulates appetite.
◦ It’s release is inhibited by leptin.

59
Q

Glucostatic Theory

A

When blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose

Psychology 104 (10 decks)

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