Emotion and Motivation Flashcards

Question

intrinsic motivation

Answer 1

a motivation to take actions that are themselves rewarding

Answer 2

Actions that are not themselves rewarding but that lead to reward

Answer 3

the motivation to experience positive outcomes

Answer 4

The motivation to avoid experiencing negative outcomes

Answer 5

The tendancy to care more about avoiding losses than about achiving equal-size gains

Answer 6

"a theory about how people respond to knowledge of their own mortality and it suggests that one way in which people cope with this knowledge is by developing a cultural worldview"

Answer 7

Theory proposing that certain drives, like hunger, thirst, and sexual frustration motivate us to act in ways that minimize adverse states * **Drive**: A drive is a hypothetical internal state of tension that motivates an organism to engage in activities that should reduce this tension * **Homeostasis**: The tendency of biological systems to maintain relatively constant conditions in the internal environment while continuously interacting with and adjusting to changes originating within or outside the system Problems: * Does not explain the presence of behaviours when drives are satisfied * Does not explain the presence of behaviours that have no obvious biological imperative

Answer 8

Theories proposing that we’re often motivated by positive goals * Assumes stimuli have different levels of “incentive value” **Incentive**: an external goal that has the capacity to motivate behaviour Expectancy Theories * Assume goal-directed behaviour is determined by two factors * Expectancy * Value * Motivation = expectancy x incentive value

Answer 9

Humanistic Theory Three needs: **Competence** * Essential to wellness * Feel effective in your environment **Autonomy** * Self-endorsed behaviour * We feel like we have choice **Relatedness** * Feeling cared for and connected to others * All about connection * We feel like we matter in people's lives The thing about humanistic theories is that they’re very vague and ambiguous * It's hard to study and difficult, if not impossible, to falsify

Answer 10

Model developed by Abraham Maslow proposing that we must satisfy physiological needs and needs for safety and security before progressing to more complex needs * Humanistic Perspective Problem: Numerous things appear to contradict the hierarchy * The starving artist * Prisoners of war enduring torture * People starving themselves to be thin **Self-Actualization:** “the desire for self-fulfillment, namely the tendency for him (the individual) to become actualized in what he is potentially. This tendency might be phrased as the desire to become more and more what one is, to become everything that on is capable of becoming”

Answer 11

The bodies rate of caloric utilization * Basal metabolism - metabolic rate when a body is at rest * Homeostasis is maintained through transmission of “short” and “long”-term signals * Long term signals are things like keeping track of how much body fat there is * **Set Point**: Value that establishes a range of body and muscle mass we tend to maintain

Answer 12

Hunger Pangs * Correspond to feeling of hunger and safety * Correlation does not equal causation Glucose Levels * **Glucostatic Theory**: Theory that when our blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose

Answer 13

* Distention of the stomach and intestine * Peptide hormones are released into the blood and suppress appetite * **Cholecystokinin**: Peptide hormone released by small intestine * Nutritious foods generate satiety more effectively than non-nutritious foods

Answer 14

Leptin: * Hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used * Laboratory Models of Obesity and Appetite * Mice with the (ob) obesity gene mutation are unable to produce leptin and will overeat Brain Mechanisms

Answer 15

**Lateral Hypothalamus** * Electrical stimulation leads to increased eating * Lesioning destroys hunger responses, leading to starvation * May be due to digestive responses, leading to decreased capacity to respond to stimuli **Ventromedial Hypothalamus** * Electrical stimulation leads to decreased eating * Leasioning leads to excess food consumptions **Paraventricular Nucleus** * A cluster of nerons in the hypothalamus * Contains **neuropeptife Y** releasing neuros * Neuropeptife Y stimulates appetite (its inhibited by leptin)

Answer 16

Respondent conditioning * Food related stimuli function as a CS electing food-related CRs * Golden arches (CS) may cause ghrelin increase (CR) Operant Conditioning * CRs and other stimuli can function as discriminative cues Effects of generalization

Answer 17

Expectations that eating will be pleasurable and will reduce hunger stimulate eating

Answer 18

**Palatability** Better tasting foods are consumed in larger quantities **Quantity Available** Greater amounts of food (larger plate portions) lead to greater consumption **Variety** Different types of food lead to greater overall consumption because satiation is usually specific to a particular type of food and not food in general

Answer 19

Defined as a body mass index (BMI) > 30 * 19.8% of men are considered obese * 16.8% of women are considered obese No consistent psychological differences obtained between obese and non-obese Heritability estimates and twin studies suggest some degree of genetic component * 40-70% of variation of genetics to variation in BMI * Does not account for the large growth in recent history of obesity Environmental factors: * High caloric, non-nutritional foods, are widely available * Karketing, and the cultural imperative to “get the best value” * Technology has led to sedentary lifestyles

Answer 20

Eating disorder associated with a pattern of bingeing and purging in an effort to lose or maintain weight * Cycle of binging and purging believed to be maintained through positive (binging) and negative reinforcement (purging) * Occurs in 1-3% of the population * 95% of people diagnosed with this are women * Report high levels of body dissatisfaction * Most support suggests media representation and social pressures play a strong role in eliciting these behaviours among people more genetically predisposed for it

Answer 21

Eating disorder associated with excessive weight loss, food restriction, and a strong desire to be thin * Show signs of extreme emaciation and malnourishment * Found in 0.5-1% of the population * Report high levels of body dissatisfaction and distortion * They tend not to see this condition as a problem * This is found across all cultures and time periods * It's not a newly precedent condition like bulimia * Mortality rate of 5-10% * Heritability 28-58%

Answer 22

Cognitive Component - Subjective conscious experience * The feeling of being afraid, anxious, angry, in pain, in love, etc. * This is hard to study, because we can’t read people’s minds * The way a question is posed can have serious effects on response * Emotions are automatic * We can't choose which emotions we have * There are good and bad emotions * How someone verbally describes their emotions is a good indicator of their quality of life

Answer 23

Physiological Component - Autonomic Response * Sweaty palms, dilated pupils, increased heart rates, goosebumps

Answer 24

Behavioural Component - Overt behavioural expressions * Screaming in terror, blushing, kissing

Answer 25

The physiological components of emotion Typically measures * Heart rate * Blood pressure * Respiration * Galvanic Skin Response * Increase in electrical conductivity of the skin when sweat glands operate Note: Better than chance levels of detecting lies BUT High rate of false-positives * ~40% of innocent people are labelled as guilty * Does not have a way of separating physiological stress from guilt

Answer 26

Unconscious spillover of emotions into verbal behaviour

Answer 27

Emotional Distance is often positively correlated with physical distance * This does not apply to aggressive displays * Children don’t care about this * Women tend to get closer than men

Answer 28

* “I feel afraid because I tremble” * Conscious experience of emotion results from autonomic arousal * Different patterns of autonomic activation lead to different emotional experiences This is backed by this fact that teaching people to act relaxed lets them feel relaxed * Does not account for all responses

Answer 29

* “Godzilla makes me feel afraid and tremble” * Both conscious and physiological responses occur simultaneously

Answer 30

* “I label my trembling as fear because I appraise the situation as dangerous” * High focus on environment * Applies to both positive and negative emotions

Answer 31

The more familiar we are with stimuli, the more we're comfortable with is * This is used in advertising and politics Possible Reasons: * Familiar things require less cognitive work * Respondent conditioning * You learn something is safe and reliable

Answer 32

Electrical stimulation leads to increased eating: ◦ Lesioning destroys hunger responses, leading to starvation. ◦ May be due to digestive responses and a general decreased capacity to respond to stimuli

Answer 33

◦ Electrical stimulation leads to decreased eating: ◦ Lesioning leads to excess food consumption

Answer 34

A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus. ◦ Contains neuropeptide Y releasing neurons. ◦ Neuropeptide Y stimulates appetite. ◦ It’s release is inhibited by leptin.

Answer 35

When blood glucose levels drop, hunger creates a drive to eat to restore the proper level of glucose

Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Emotion and Motivation Flashcards

Brainscape's Knowledge Genome^TM