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Psychology 104 > Psychology Fundamentals and Psychologists > Flashcards

Psychology Fundamentals and Psychologists Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 goals of psych?

A
  1. Describe how people and other animals behave
  2. Explain causes of behaviours
  3. Predict how individuals will behave
  4. Control behaviour

EMPHASIS ON BEHAVIOUR

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2
Q

Hippocrates

A

Start of Scientific psychology

Theory of Humorism - 4 elements lead to four body fluids; Black Bile, Blood, Yellow Bile, Phlegm
All ailments come from an imbalance of the elements

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3
Q

Theory of humorism

A

The 4 elements lead to four body fluids; Black Bile, Blood, Yellow Bile, Phlegm

All ailments come from an imbalance of the elements

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4
Q

Galen

A

Builds on the theory of humorism

Everyone has a different balance of the four elements

Four personality types - Melancholic (BB), Sanguine (B), Choleric (YB), Phlegmatic (P)

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5
Q

Historical Fallacy

A

The biased belief that because a practice or idea is old, it must be more correct

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6
Q

Rene Descartes

A

Mathematician and philosopher

Substance Dualism - Mind and bodies are distinct substances that interact.

Minds = Immaterial
Bodies = Material

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7
Q

Mind-Body problem

A

If minds and bodies are distinct, how do minds and bodies interact?

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8
Q

Steven Blankaart

A

Described Anatomy as distinct from Psychology in a dictionary

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9
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Established psychology as a distinct discipline, set up the first psychological laboratory

Psychology = study of conscious experience

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10
Q

Structuralism

A

Break down consciousness into its base components

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11
Q

Functionalism

A

Study the function or purpose of consciousness rather than its structure

  • Pioneered by William Jones (1842 - 1910)
  • Inspired by Darwin’s theory of natural selection
  • Stream of consciousness
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12
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Developed Psychoanalysis
- Tried to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behaviour
- Never used rigorous testing, based his theories off of personal experience
- Theorized the existence of the unconscious (thoughts and memories that you can’t observe, but affects your behaviour)
- Had a strange fascination with sexual urges

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13
Q

Psychoanalytics

A

Tried to explain personality, motivation, and mental disorders by focusing on unconscious determinants of behaviour

Lots of emphasis on “the unconscious”

Not scientific

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14
Q

Are emotions subconscious?

A

To experience an emotion, that emotions must be conscious in some way

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15
Q

Occam’s razor

A

When confronted with two or more competing explanations, the most parsimonious is preferred.

Also known as the law of parsimony, law of economy

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16
Q

Parsimony

A

Making the least amount of new assumptions

17
Q

John B. Watson

A

Pioneered behaviourism

  • Started studying non-human animals
  • At the time period people didn’t like attributing human characteristics to animals (humans feel uncomfortable sharing similarities with animals. We like to think we’re special)
  • Believed that introspective psychology was unscientific (it relies on people explaining emotions truthfully, accurately, and in repeatable fashion)
  • Psychology need to abandon consciousness and study behaviour which can be measured
  • Advocate for environment as major influence on development of behaviour
18
Q

Why was John B. Watson’s theories relating to the environment’s role on psychology important

A
  • During the time period it was believed that genetics was the primary cause of behaviour
  • It was used to justify racism, sexism, and ableism
19
Q

Behaviourism

A

The study of behaviour
- scientific study should study observable behaviour
- Strong emphasis on animal research

20
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Discovered operant conditioning
- Pragmatist

21
Q

The Humanist perspective

A

Pioneered by Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow

Opposing theory to Behaviourism and Psychoanalytics

Emphasises;
- Conscious motives
- Freedom
- Choice
- Self-actualization
- Reaching one’s inner potential

22
Q

The cognitive perspective

A

Mind and consciousness determines behaviour
- Brought back the use of the word cognition

Cognition “Cogito” - to think

The dominant perspective in modern psychology

23
Q

Biological perspective

A

Focuses on brain function and other bodily functions

Do certain areas of the brain have specific functions?

eg. Neuroscience, brain chemistry, behavioural genetics

24
Q

Sociocultural Psychology

A

Focuses on the social and environmental aspects that help determine behaviour
- Cultural factors were not rigorously studied before
- Seeks to get past barriers that blocked researchers from studying non-university students

25
Q

Developmental psychology

A

Human development throughout the lifespan

26
Q

Psychometrics

A

Concerned with the development of psychological tests

27
Q

Clinical Psychology

A

Focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders

28
Q

Why was clinical psychology developed?

A

Grew out of WWII
- New recruits were screened on mass
- Rise of war trauma required more specialists to help
- Psychoanalysis had a heavy influence at the start

29
Q

Naive realism

A

The belief that the world is as we see it

30
Q

Ignaz Semmelweis

A

Hungarian physician
- Came up with the origin of germ theory

  • Two maternity wards
  • One contained a much higher mortality rate (it was the one staffed by the physicians)
  • Hypothesised that tiny particles from autopsies left tiny particles that infected women in his ward
  • Tried to make all his physicians wash their hands, got kicked out of the hospital for it
31
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Identify question of interest
  2. Gather relevant information and formulate a TESTABLE hypothesis
  3. Design a study to test the hypothesis
  4. Analyze the data and draw tentative conclusions
  5. Report findings and ask further questions
32
Q

Demand Characteristics

A

“the aspects of an observational setting that cause people to have as they think someone else wants or expects”

33
Q

Substance Dualism

A

Minds and bodies are separate substances that interact

34
Q

Methodological behaviourism

A

-Hull-Spence Behaviourism
-often called stimulus-response
-Relied on Pavlovian conditioning

35
Q

Pavlovian Conditioning

A

Classical Conditioning
-A stimulus that prompts a response (positive or negative) is paired with a neutral stimulus

eg. Training dogs to associate commands with rewards (like a treat)

36
Q

Stimulus

A

Any thing or event that produces a measurable change in the organism’s behaviour

37
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A method of learning that uses rewards and punishment to modify behaviour

Psychology 104 (10 decks)

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