Ethics :)

Question 1

Experiment: Little Albert

Answer 1

Classical conditioning
- Baby taught to associate rats with loud sounds
- Rat = startled
- Bad because the baby was never reconditioned
- Mom did not consent

Question 2

Experiment: The monster study

Answer 2

Kids in an orphanage were split into 2 groups for “speech therapy”
- One group was told to never talk unless they could talk properly
- The other group was told to ignore any speech impairments they had

This didn’t have much effect on speech, but killed self esteem
- No debriefing

Question 3

The Milgram Experiment

Answer 3

People were told by a scientist to press a button the “shocked” a paid actor in increasing degrees. This was to test how people would react to authority figures telling people to cross their boundaries
- 65% of subjects obeyed the shock order
- Again, no debriefing
- caused psychological harm

Question 4

Research Ethics Board

Answer 4

Researchers and official of various backgrounds charged with the protection of human research participants

Question 5

Informed Consent

Answer 5

People need to understand what they’re participating in and what the risks are, with no pressure to participate

Question 6

Risks of Psychological study

Answer 6

Psychological harm
Physical harm
Mishandling of personal information

Question 7

What do research ethic boards have to consider before approving a project?

Answer 7

they have to weight long term benefits against the possible risks

Question 8

Experiment: The Bystander effect

Answer 8

College students were put alone in rooms and told that they were examining emotional responses
- Paid actor said they had a tendency to have seizers, then pretended to have on later in the conversation
- measured how long it took for people to seek help
- No debriefing

Question 9

The Stanford Prison Experiment

Answer 9

How do people react to assigned roles and superiority
-College students (all white males) were assigned roles of either prisoners or prison guards and put in a simulated prison
- “prisoners” were severely mistreated by “guards”
-experiment had to be shut down

Question 10

Carney Landis

Answer 10

Studied the universality of facial expressions
- got genuine reactions by having people behead live rats

Question 11

Aubrey Levin

Answer 11

Tried to “cure homosexuality” in South Africa
- Patients coerced into accepting treatment
- Electroshock therapy
- Immersion therapy

Eventually arrested for indecent assaults on court appointed patient in Alberta, Canada

Question 12

Deception in Psychological Experiments

Answer 12

Purposely misleading experiment participants in order to maintain the integrity of the experiment
- People need to be informed of the deception after the experiment

Question 13

Why is psychological experiments on animals effective for learning about humans?

Answer 13

Humans are animals, we have a relatively similar evolutionary history with most animals

Question 14

What are some things animal testing has discovered treatments for?

Answer 14

Research has led to behavioural treatments for:
-Phobia
-Depression
-Self-injurious behaviour
-Dyslexia
-Hyperactivity
-Intellectual impairments
-Autism
-Brain damage
-Tourette syndrome

Question 15

What are some practical reasons for why we do animal testing?

Answer 15

-Small
-easy to handle
-Friendly
-Cheap to feed
-Easier to study long term
-You can do research that would be considered unethical in humans

Its also easy to control the influence of heredity

Question 16

The three Rs of animal experimentation

Answer 16

-Replacement
-Reduction
-Refinement

Question 17

Replacement (three Rs)

Answer 17

methods to avoid or replace the use of animals in an area where animals would otherwise been used

Question 18

Reduction (Three Rs)

Answer 18

Refers to any strategy that will result in fewer animals being used

Question 19

Refinement

Answer 19

Refers to modification of husbandry or experimental procedures to minimise pain and distress

Question 20

Protection From Harm

Answer 20

Psychologists must take every step to protect participants from harm, but physical and psychological

Question 21

Debriefing

Answer 21

Any research participants deceived in an experiment must be informed of the deception and the true nature of the study

Question 22

Confidentiality

Answer 22

Psychologists are obligated to keep private and personal information obtained during a study confidential

Question 23

Anonymity

Answer 23

Data collected cannot be connected to individual participants