States of Consciousness Flashcards
The features of Consciousness and describe them
1) Qualitativeness - that each experience feels like something different
2) Subjective awareness- a sense of self
3) Unity - a sense of experiencing the world as a whole
Unconscious Brain is
processing related to perception, motivation, emotion, certain types of memory, movement, breathing
Conscious Brain is
What we are aware of on a moment to moment basis
Describe the “split brain” procedure
the corpus callosum is cut to separate the two hemispheres
Rene Descartes argued for
mind-body dualism- body was a mechanical system and the mind was not mechanical and was free to control the body
Varieties of Consciousness
Drug states, wakefulness, sleeping, dreaming, meditative states
Sleep is studied by measuring the activity of the _____ and of the _____
brain; movement of. muscles
EEG
recording of the activity of neurons on the cortical surface
* indirect
EMG
recording of muscles and muscle tone in the body
EOG
recording of muscles involved in eye movements
Awake stage
- alpha/beta activity
- high frequency
- desynchonrized
Stage 1
transitional stage
Stage 2
transitional stage
- K complex
Stage 3
- Slow wave sleep
- low frequency
- delta activity
- synchronized
Stage 4
- delta activity
- low frequency
- synchonized
REM sleep looks like the
awake state
Slow wave sleep characteristics
- light, even respiraion
- presence of muscle tone
- difficulty in arousing participant
Slow wave sleep restorative proprties
- rebuild energy sores in astrocytes
- clear metabolities and toxins from the brain
REM occurs every
90 minutes
REM episodes characterized by
- increased repsiration +. blood pressure
- rapid eye movements
- loss of mucle tone
- vivid, emmotional dreaming
- sexual arousal
Most REM sleep occurs
in later hours
Most slow wave sleep occrus
in the beginning hours
Dreams may be a by product of brain ______ during ______ sleep
placisity, REM
REM sleep in children is critical for
brain development
REM may be important in adults for
formation of memories
The sleep-wake cycle is organized around a _______ and is entrained by ______
24-hr day, light
The biological clock is located in the
suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus
Activity in the SCN activates
arousal centers
NTs involved in arousal and wakefullness
- Acetylcholine
- Dopmaine
- norepinephrine
- serotonin
- histamine
- orexin
Activity of the locus coerules and raphe nucleus fall during ______ state, continues to fall during _____ and reaches zero during _____
awake state, slow wave sleep, REM
dopamine release is highest during _____ and lowest during _______ and _____
waking, slow wave, REM
The raphe nuclei consists of ____ clusters of serotonin- containing nuerons
7
The dorsal raphe nucleus
is the larges serotonergic nucleus
Histamine is a _______ NT produced from _________
excitatory, amino acid histidine
Histamine cell bodies are located in the
posterior hypothalamus
Histamine neurons are high during ______ hours and low during _____
waking, slow wave + REM
Histamine receptor antagonists cause _____ and promote _____
drowsiness, sleep
stimulation of Acetylcholine produces ______ activation and ______
cortical, desynchrony
Acetylcholine release is high during
awake, and REM
Acetylcholine nuerons in the ______ are most important for
nucleus basalis, cortical arousal
vlPOA is critical for
slow wave sleep
vLPOA characteristics
- inhibits arousal centers
- produces drowsieness , cortical synchrony, and slow wave sleep
- Enganged when SCN activity is low
- lessions of the vlPOA produce insomnia
vlPOA neurons are ______ and inhibit, _______
inhibitory, ACh, NE, 5-HT, DA
the vlPOA recieves _________ projections back from the ________ areas it inhibits producing a ________ circuit.
inhibitory, same, flip-flop
When vLPOA is inactive the ______ centers are _____
arousal, alert + awake
When vlPOA is active the _____ centers are ______ and in ______
arousal, inactive, slow wave sleep
Adenosine is released by ____ as a by-product of their _____
astrocytes, metabolic activity
Adenosine behaves as a _____ NT that promotes _____
inhibitory, sleep
Adenosine acts on vlPOA ______ by ________ the arousal centers to promote _______
indirectly, inhibiting, sleep
Accumulation of adenosine during _____ hours in the _______ and _____ causes gradual ______ during prolonged _____
waking, nucleus basalis, arousal centers, inihibtion, waking
Caffeine is a ________ of the ______ receptors
direct antagonist, adenosine
Caffeine locsk the ______ effects of _____ on the arousal centers keeping the ______ inhibited
inhibitory, adensoine, vlPOA
Caffeine is a _______ stimulant
atypical
Orexin is a _______ NT released from the _______
peptide, lateral hypothalamus
Orexin has a ______ effect on all of the _______
excitory, arousal centers
Activity of orexin is highest during ______ and lowest during ______
waking, slow wave+REM
Orexin helps _____ the flip-flop circuit by tiping it towards _____ and inhibiting _____ untill an
stablize, wake, sleep, appropriate time
Narcolepsy is chracterized by
persistent sleepiness + other symptoms
Sleep attack
overwhelming urge to sleep at innappropriate times
Cataplexy
awake yet muscles are paralyzed like in REM
Narcolepsy is an auto immune disorder in which the body destroys neurons in the _______ that secret ______
lateral hypothalamus, orexin
With narcolepsy the sleep-wake circuit is
destablized
AcH _____ facilitate ______
agonists, REM sleep
ACh nuerons most important for REM are located in the
PPT nuclei
Lesions of the PPT nuclei result in
reduced REM sleep
