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Neuroscience > States of Consciousness > Flashcards

States of Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

The features of Consciousness and describe them

A

1) Qualitativeness - that each experience feels like something different
2) Subjective awareness- a sense of self
3) Unity - a sense of experiencing the world as a whole

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2
Q

Unconscious Brain is

A

processing related to perception, motivation, emotion, certain types of memory, movement, breathing

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3
Q

Conscious Brain is

A

What we are aware of on a moment to moment basis

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4
Q

Describe the “split brain” procedure

A

the corpus callosum is cut to separate the two hemispheres

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5
Q

Rene Descartes argued for

A

mind-body dualism- body was a mechanical system and the mind was not mechanical and was free to control the body

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6
Q

Varieties of Consciousness

A

Drug states, wakefulness, sleeping, dreaming, meditative states

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7
Q

Sleep is studied by measuring the activity of the _____ and of the _____

A

brain; movement of. muscles

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8
Q

EEG

A

recording of the activity of neurons on the cortical surface
* indirect

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9
Q

EMG

A

recording of muscles and muscle tone in the body

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10
Q

EOG

A

recording of muscles involved in eye movements

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11
Q

Awake stage

A
  • alpha/beta activity
  • high frequency
  • desynchonrized
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12
Q

Stage 1

A

transitional stage

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13
Q

Stage 2

A

transitional stage

- K complex

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14
Q

Stage 3

A
  • Slow wave sleep
  • low frequency
  • delta activity
  • synchronized
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15
Q

Stage 4

A
  • delta activity
  • low frequency
  • synchonized
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16
Q

REM sleep looks like the

A

awake state

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17
Q

Slow wave sleep characteristics

A
  • light, even respiraion
  • presence of muscle tone
  • difficulty in arousing participant
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18
Q

Slow wave sleep restorative proprties

A
  • rebuild energy sores in astrocytes

- clear metabolities and toxins from the brain

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19
Q

REM occurs every

A

90 minutes

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20
Q

REM episodes characterized by

A
  • increased repsiration +. blood pressure
  • rapid eye movements
  • loss of mucle tone
  • vivid, emmotional dreaming
  • sexual arousal
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21
Q

Most REM sleep occurs

A

in later hours

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22
Q

Most slow wave sleep occrus

A

in the beginning hours

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23
Q

Dreams may be a by product of brain ______ during ______ sleep

A

placisity, REM

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24
Q

REM sleep in children is critical for

A

brain development

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25
Q

REM may be important in adults for

A

formation of memories

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26
Q

The sleep-wake cycle is organized around a _______ and is entrained by ______

A

24-hr day, light

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27
Q

The biological clock is located in the

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus

28
Q

Activity in the SCN activates

A

arousal centers

29
Q

NTs involved in arousal and wakefullness

A
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopmaine
  • norepinephrine
  • serotonin
  • histamine
  • orexin
30
Q

Activity of the locus coerules and raphe nucleus fall during ______ state, continues to fall during _____ and reaches zero during _____

A

awake state, slow wave sleep, REM

31
Q

dopamine release is highest during _____ and lowest during _______ and _____

A

waking, slow wave, REM

32
Q

The raphe nuclei consists of ____ clusters of serotonin- containing nuerons

A

7

33
Q

The dorsal raphe nucleus

A

is the larges serotonergic nucleus

34
Q

Histamine is a _______ NT produced from _________

A

excitatory, amino acid histidine

35
Q

Histamine cell bodies are located in the

A

posterior hypothalamus

36
Q

Histamine neurons are high during ______ hours and low during _____

A

waking, slow wave + REM

37
Q

Histamine receptor antagonists cause _____ and promote _____

A

drowsiness, sleep

38
Q

stimulation of Acetylcholine produces ______ activation and ______

A

cortical, desynchrony

39
Q

Acetylcholine release is high during

A

awake, and REM

40
Q

Acetylcholine nuerons in the ______ are most important for

A

nucleus basalis, cortical arousal

41
Q

vlPOA is critical for

A

slow wave sleep

42
Q

vLPOA characteristics

A
  • inhibits arousal centers
  • produces drowsieness , cortical synchrony, and slow wave sleep
  • Enganged when SCN activity is low
  • lessions of the vlPOA produce insomnia
43
Q

vlPOA neurons are ______ and inhibit, _______

A

inhibitory, ACh, NE, 5-HT, DA

44
Q

the vlPOA recieves _________ projections back from the ________ areas it inhibits producing a ________ circuit.

A

inhibitory, same, flip-flop

45
Q

When vLPOA is inactive the ______ centers are _____

A

arousal, alert + awake

46
Q

When vlPOA is active the _____ centers are ______ and in ______

A

arousal, inactive, slow wave sleep

47
Q

Adenosine is released by ____ as a by-product of their _____

A

astrocytes, metabolic activity

48
Q

Adenosine behaves as a _____ NT that promotes _____

A

inhibitory, sleep

49
Q

Adenosine acts on vlPOA ______ by ________ the arousal centers to promote _______

A

indirectly, inhibiting, sleep

50
Q

Accumulation of adenosine during _____ hours in the _______ and _____ causes gradual ______ during prolonged _____

A

waking, nucleus basalis, arousal centers, inihibtion, waking

51
Q

Caffeine is a ________ of the ______ receptors

A

direct antagonist, adenosine

52
Q

Caffeine locsk the ______ effects of _____ on the arousal centers keeping the ______ inhibited

A

inhibitory, adensoine, vlPOA

53
Q

Caffeine is a _______ stimulant

A

atypical

54
Q

Orexin is a _______ NT released from the _______

A

peptide, lateral hypothalamus

55
Q

Orexin has a ______ effect on all of the _______

A

excitory, arousal centers

56
Q

Activity of orexin is highest during ______ and lowest during ______

A

waking, slow wave+REM

57
Q

Orexin helps _____ the flip-flop circuit by tiping it towards _____ and inhibiting _____ untill an

A

stablize, wake, sleep, appropriate time

58
Q

Narcolepsy is chracterized by

A

persistent sleepiness + other symptoms

59
Q

Sleep attack

A

overwhelming urge to sleep at innappropriate times

60
Q

Cataplexy

A

awake yet muscles are paralyzed like in REM

61
Q

Narcolepsy is an auto immune disorder in which the body destroys neurons in the _______ that secret ______

A

lateral hypothalamus, orexin

62
Q

With narcolepsy the sleep-wake circuit is

A

destablized

63
Q

AcH _____ facilitate ______

A

agonists, REM sleep

64
Q

ACh nuerons most important for REM are located in the

A

PPT nuclei

65
Q

Lesions of the PPT nuclei result in

A

reduced REM sleep

Neuroscience (9 decks)

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