- alpha/beta activity - high frequency - desynchonrized

- Slow wave sleep - low frequency - delta activity - synchronized

- delta activity - low frequency - synchonized

States of Consciousness Flashcards by Gianna Pelliccia

The features of Consciousness and describe them

1) Qualitativeness - that each experience feels like something different
2) Subjective awareness- a sense of self
3) Unity - a sense of experiencing the world as a whole

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Unconscious Brain is

processing related to perception, motivation, emotion, certain types of memory, movement, breathing

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Conscious Brain is

What we are aware of on a moment to moment basis

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Describe the “split brain” procedure

the corpus callosum is cut to separate the two hemispheres

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Rene Descartes argued for

mind-body dualism- body was a mechanical system and the mind was not mechanical and was free to control the body

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Varieties of Consciousness

Drug states, wakefulness, sleeping, dreaming, meditative states

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Sleep is studied by measuring the activity of the _____ and of the _____

brain; movement of. muscles

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EEG

recording of the activity of neurons on the cortical surface
* indirect

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EMG

recording of muscles and muscle tone in the body

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EOG

recording of muscles involved in eye movements

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Awake stage

alpha/beta activity
high frequency
desynchonrized

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Stage 1

transitional stage

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Stage 2

transitional stage

- K complex

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Stage 3

Slow wave sleep
low frequency
delta activity
synchronized

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Stage 4

delta activity
low frequency
synchonized

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REM sleep looks like the

awake state

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Slow wave sleep characteristics

light, even respiraion
presence of muscle tone
difficulty in arousing participant

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Slow wave sleep restorative proprties

rebuild energy sores in astrocytes

- clear metabolities and toxins from the brain

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REM occurs every

90 minutes

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REM episodes characterized by

increased repsiration +. blood pressure
rapid eye movements
loss of mucle tone
vivid, emmotional dreaming
sexual arousal

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Most REM sleep occurs

in later hours

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Most slow wave sleep occrus

in the beginning hours

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Dreams may be a by product of brain ______ during ______ sleep

placisity, REM

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REM sleep in children is critical for

brain development

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REM may be important in adults for

formation of memories

The sleep-wake cycle is organized around a _______ and is entrained by ______

24-hr day, light

The biological clock is located in the

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus

Activity in the SCN activates

arousal centers

NTs involved in arousal and wakefullness

- Acetylcholine - Dopmaine - norepinephrine - serotonin - histamine - orexin

Activity of the locus coerules and raphe nucleus fall during ______ state, continues to fall during _____ and reaches zero during _____

awake state, slow wave sleep, REM

dopamine release is highest during _____ and lowest during _______ and _____

waking, slow wave, REM

The raphe nuclei consists of ____ clusters of serotonin- containing nuerons

The dorsal raphe nucleus

is the larges serotonergic nucleus

Histamine is a _______ NT produced from _________

excitatory, amino acid histidine

Histamine cell bodies are located in the

posterior hypothalamus

Histamine neurons are high during ______ hours and low during _____

waking, slow wave + REM

Histamine receptor antagonists cause _____ and promote _____

drowsiness, sleep

stimulation of Acetylcholine produces ______ activation and ______

cortical, desynchrony

Acetylcholine release is high during

awake, and REM

Acetylcholine nuerons in the ______ are most important for

nucleus basalis, cortical arousal

vlPOA is critical for

slow wave sleep

vLPOA characteristics

- inhibits arousal centers - produces drowsieness , cortical synchrony, and slow wave sleep - Enganged when SCN activity is low - lessions of the vlPOA produce insomnia

vlPOA neurons are ______ and inhibit, _______

inhibitory, ACh, NE, 5-HT, DA

the vlPOA recieves _________ projections back from the ________ areas it inhibits producing a ________ circuit.

inhibitory, same, flip-flop

When vLPOA is inactive the ______ centers are _____

arousal, alert + awake

When vlPOA is active the _____ centers are ______ and in ______

arousal, inactive, slow wave sleep

Adenosine is released by ____ as a by-product of their _____

astrocytes, metabolic activity

Adenosine behaves as a _____ NT that promotes _____

inhibitory, sleep

Adenosine acts on vlPOA ______ by ________ the arousal centers to promote _______

indirectly, inhibiting, sleep

Accumulation of adenosine during _____ hours in the _______ and _____ causes gradual ______ during prolonged _____

waking, nucleus basalis, arousal centers, inihibtion, waking

Caffeine is a ________ of the ______ receptors

direct antagonist, adenosine

Caffeine locsk the ______ effects of _____ on the arousal centers keeping the ______ inhibited

inhibitory, adensoine, vlPOA

Caffeine is a _______ stimulant

atypical

Orexin is a _______ NT released from the _______

peptide, lateral hypothalamus

Orexin has a ______ effect on all of the _______

excitory, arousal centers

Activity of orexin is highest during ______ and lowest during ______

waking, slow wave+REM

Orexin helps _____ the flip-flop circuit by tiping it towards _____ and inhibiting _____ untill an

stablize, wake, sleep, appropriate time

Narcolepsy is chracterized by

persistent sleepiness + other symptoms

Sleep attack

overwhelming urge to sleep at innappropriate times

Cataplexy

awake yet muscles are paralyzed like in REM

Narcolepsy is an auto immune disorder in which the body destroys neurons in the _______ that secret ______

lateral hypothalamus, orexin

With narcolepsy the sleep-wake circuit is

destablized

AcH _____ facilitate ______

agonists, REM sleep

ACh nuerons most important for REM are located in the

PPT nuclei

Lesions of the PPT nuclei result in

reduced REM sleep