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Neuroscience > Neurophysiology > Flashcards

Neurophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

3 Different types of Neurons are…

A

Sensory, Motor, and Interneurons

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2
Q

Sensory Neurons

A

Receive sensory information (light, sounds, etc) “Afferent neurons

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3
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Control the muscles, “efferent neurons”

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4
Q

Interneurons

A

Lie between sensory and motor neurons (found only within the brain and spinal cord), “afferent and efferent”

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5
Q

Soma

A
  • Cell Body

- Contains all material needed for the life processes of the cell ( nucleus, mitochondria, etc)

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6
Q

Dendrites

A

serve to receive incoming signals from other neurons

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7
Q

Terminal Buttons

A
  • site of neurotransmitter synthesis & release to other neurons
  • communicates vis chemical means
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8
Q

Axon

A
  • transmits signal to another neuron

- covered in myelin sheath

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9
Q

Multipolar neuron

A

neurons that have one axon and many dendrites

- most common neuron n the CNS

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10
Q

Bipolar neuron

A

neurons that have 1 axon and 1 dendrite, usually at opposite ends of the soma

  • usually sensory neurons
  • found in the visual, olfactory and auditory systems
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11
Q

Unipolar Neurons

A

Neurons that have 1 process that leaves the soma and then divides into 2 branches, one that receive information and the other transmits it

  • cell body is separated
  • associated with touch and pain
  • usually sensory neurons
  • found in the somatosensory system
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12
Q

Glia Cells (supporting Cells) are…

A

1) Astrocytes
2) Oligodendrocytes
3) Microglia

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13
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • provides structural support and nutrients for neurons

- metabolizes sugars which allows them to provides energy for neurons

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14
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

provide structural support and myelin to axons

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15
Q

Microglia

A
  • recognize and remove foreign cells

- scavenge dead neurons

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16
Q

Myelin Sheath

A
  • produced as oligodendrocyte wraps itself around the axon

- not continuous

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17
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps in the myelin sheath

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18
Q

Neuron resting membrane potential

A
  • (-70mV) voltage
  • the neurons interior is polar
  • maintained by two forces
    1) Force of Diffusion
    2) Electrostatic Force
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19
Q

Force of Diffusion

A

between areas of different concentration; particles want to evenly distribute

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20
Q

Electrostatic Force

A

between charged particles; differently charged particles are attracted to each other

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21
Q

Membrane at Rest (Ions) location

A

K+ - more inside

Cl- - more outside

Na+ - more on outside

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22
Q

K+ feel more pressure from…

A

force of diffusion

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23
Q

Cl- feels more pressure from

A

force of diffusion

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24
Q

Na+ feels pressure from…

A

electrostatic force and force of diffusion

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25
Q

At rest voltage gated channels are…

A

innactive

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26
Q

At rest leaky channels are

A

slightly permeable

27
Q

With the depolarization of neuron the membrane potential becomes

A

less negative

28
Q

Decremental Potentials

A

short lived depolarizations

- as it spreads down the axon it gets weaker

29
Q

Threshold of excitation

A

-60mV

30
Q

Which channels open at -60mV

A

Sodium voltage gated channel opens

-Na+ is coming into the cell

31
Q

Which channel opens at -45mV

A

Potassium voltage gated channels

- leaving the cell

32
Q

Action potential

A

+40MV

  • large depolarization
  • membrane potential reverses itself
33
Q

Which channel become refractory at action potential

A

sodium ion channels

34
Q

What allows the membrane to re-polarize

A
  • K+ channels staying open longer then Na+

- sodium/potassium pumps taking Na+ out of cell and K+ into cell

35
Q

Action Potential obeys…

A

All or none law

  • runs down entire length of axon
  • does not decline in strength
36
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

The jumping of the AP from one Node of Ranvier to the next

37
Q

At each node of ranvier …

A

The AP is regenerated

38
Q

Why is the AP regenerated at each node?

A

There is a high density of sodium channels at each node

39
Q

The two advantages of saltatory conduction

A

1) Na+/K+ pumps only have to work at the nodes, reduces energy
2) Decremental conduction under myelin is very fast

40
Q

Refractory Na+ channels allow the AP…

A

to move in one direction

41
Q

AP is conducted along the axon membrane to the…

A

axon terminals

42
Q

Presynaptic Neuron

A

Neuron that send the signal

43
Q

Postsynaptic Neuron

A

neuron that receives signal

44
Q

At the axon terminal there are _____ that contain________

A

synaptic vesicles, neurotransmitters

45
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical messengers released by the neuron

46
Q

Neurotransmitters are released into the ____ and bind with ______

A

synapse, specialized receptors

47
Q

Types of synapse

A 
Axosomatic synapse
Axodendritic synapse (most common)
48
Q

Arrival of AP to axon terminal causes ___ to open

A

Opens Ca+ ion channels

49
Q

Ca+ channels opening cause____ to move to release zone

A

synaptic vesicles

50
Q

_____ binds to the presynaptic membrane to form a ____ shape to release _____

A

Synaptic vesicle; omega; neurotransmitters

51
Q

NT interaction with receptors causes…..

A

change in membrane potential ( Transient Change )

52
Q

EPSPS

A

Depolarize, make inside more negative, more likely to reach threshold

53
Q

IPSPS

A

hyperpolarize, make inside more negative, less likely to reach threshold

54
Q

EPSPS and IPSPS are ….

A

decremental conduction ( loose strength over time and distance)

55
Q

if Na+ comes inside the neuron

A

EPSPS

56
Q

if K+ leaves neuron

A

IPSPS

57
Q

if Cl- enters neuron

A

IPSP

58
Q

Excititory Connections

A

release of NT for presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron makes it more likely to reach threshold

59
Q

Inhibitory Connections

A

release of NT from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron makes it
less likely to reach threshold

60
Q

Effects of neurotransmitters must be ____ quickly

A

terminated

61
Q

Neurotransmitter reuptake

A

We remove NT from the synapse back to presynaptic terminal to be recycled

  • requires transporter molecules
  • most NT go through this
62
Q

Enzyme degredation

A

Enzymes degrade NT into their smaller parts

63
Q

When a neuron is sufficiently stimulated…

A

it will fires a volley of action potentials

64
Q

Neural Integration

A

At the axon hillock if the sum of EPSPS and IPSPS are above the threshold an action potential will occur, if not, then no action potential

Neuroscience (9 decks)

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