Neurotransmitters Flashcards
Two types of NT receptor
1) Ionotropic
2) Metabotropic
Ionotropic channels are _______
ligan gates ion channels
Ionotropic channels open by ____ to the neurotransmitters
directly; binding;
Ionotropic are …
very fast-acting
Metabotropic are _____ that ____ to neurotransmitters by ______ activating a ______
specialized receptors; bind; indirectly; second messenger
Metabotropic receptors are associated with …
“G proteins”
Metabotropic are …
slow acing
Glutamate is
excititory
Glutamate is located in
brain + spinal cord
Glutamate receptor type
ionotropic or metabotropic
GABA is
inhibitory
GABA is located
brain
GABA receptor type
ionotropc or metabotropic
Dopamine is for
arousal, attention, pleasure, reward
Dopamine is generally
excitatory
Dopamine receptor type
metabotropic
Norepinephrine is for
arousal, attention, fight-flight, stress
Norepinephrine is generally
excitatory
Norepinephrine receptor type
metabotropic
Serotonin is for
arousal, mood, sleep, appetite
Serotonin can be
excitatory or inhibitory
Serotonin receptor type
nearly all metabotropic
Acetylcholine is for
arousal, sleep, muscle movements, learning & memory
Acetylcholine can be
excitatory and inhibitory
Acetylcholine receptor type
ionotropic or metabotropic
Amino acid neurotransmitters
1) Glutamate
2) GABA
3) Glycine
Glycine is a major ______ in the ______
inhibitory transmitter; spinal cord
Glutamate _____ neurons + opens ____ ion channels
depolarizes; sodium
GABA ______ neurons + opens _____ ion channels
Hyperpolarizes; chlroide
The two Glutamate receptors
1) AMPA
2) NMDA
AMPA is the _____ type of receptor
most common
AMPA is a _________ + passes ___ ions
ligand gated channel; sodium
NMDA is ______ and ____ + passes _____ + ____
Ligand; voltage; sodium; chloride
The AMPA receptor is _____ if no glutamate is bound to the receptor
closed
the NMDA receptor is usually blocked by …
magnesium
The neuron must be _______ for magnesium to be _____
depolarized; removed
NMDA receptors only open when
1) glutamate is bound
2) when postsynaptic neuron is depolarized
GABA type A receptor is _____ if no GABA is bound to the receptor
closed
Acetylcholine is the ____ neurotransmitter secreted by the _____ axons of the ____ nervous system
primary; motor; somaic
All _____ movements in the body are controlled by the release of ____
motor; Acetylcholine
The autonomic nervous system contains two types of neurons
1) Preganglionic
2) Postganglionic
The parasympathetic system uses acetylcholine for _______ and ______
pre + postganglionic neurons
The sympathetic nervous system uses acetylcholine for ______
preganglionic neurons
the 2 main regions that contain acetylcholine are
1) dorsal pons
2) ventral forebrain
Dorsal pons
sleep + REM sleep
Ventral forebrain
wakefulness, arousal, attention, memory, cognition
The ventral forebrain is located in the
nucleus Basalis
broad groups of monoamines
1) catecholamines- dopamine + norepinephrine
2) indolamines- serotonin
Dopamine is ______ in _____
synthesized; axon terminals
3 major dopamine pathways
1) Nigrostriatal system
2) mesolimbic system
3) Mesocortical system
Nigrostriatal system ( origin + function)
- originates in substantia nigra projects to striatum
- initation of movement
mesolimbic system
- originate in VTA and projects to limbic + nucleus accumbens
- emotion, reward, pleasure
Mesocortical system
- originates in VTA and projects to frontal cortex
- attention, concentration
Adrenaline ( epinephrine) realsed by ____ + is apart of _____
adrenal medulla; fight or flight
Noradrenaline ( norepinephrine) is released in the ____ and at ____ neurons
brain; postganglonic
Most NE neurons are clustered in the ….
locus coruleus
serotonin is also known as
5 HIT
