Nervous System Flashcards
Central Nervous System
brain + spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System
nerves in the rest of the body
Autonomic System
controls activity of internal organs and glands
-apart of peripheral system
Somatic System
relays touch and pain sensation and controls muscle movements
- part of peripheral system
- sensory and intersensory neurons
Sympathetic system
- Apart of autonomic system
- arousing
Parasympathetic system
- calming
- apart of autonomic system
Anteriori/Rostral
Toward front
Posterior/Caudal
toward back
Dorsal
toward top
Ventral
toward bottom
Lateral
away from midline
Medial
toward midline
The human forehead is considered ____ and the top of the head is _____ due to the ____
rostral,dorsal,neuraxis
Transverse Plane
Sagittal plane
Horizontal Plane
The three layers of the meninges+ description ( only Central nervous system)
1) Dura- thick leathery
2) Arachnoid membrane- soft, spongy, filled with cerebrospinal fluid, large blood vessels runs through
3) Pia mater- thin layer that covers the brain
Lateral ventricles
third ventricle
fourth ventricle
The cerebral cortex consists of ______ and _______
grey matter, and white matter
Sulci
small grooves in the cortex
Fissures
larg grooves in cortex
Gyri
bulges between adjacent sulci and fissures
Lobes of the cortex
1) Frontal lobe
2) Parietal Lobe
3) Temporal Lobe
4) Occipital lobe
Temporal Lobe
ventral to the frontal and parietal lobes
-auditory processing and memory
Parietal Lobe
behind central sulcus
-perception
Frontal Lobe
everything infront of central sulcus
- planning and action
Occipital Lobe
posterior part of brain
-visual processing
Name the 4 lobes of the brain
The central sulcus divides the _____ and _______
primary somatosensory and motor neurons
Primary sensory & Motor areas
- Primary motor cortex
- primary somatosensory cortex
- primary visual cortex
- primary auditory cortex
- Insular cortex
Association Areas
Areas of the cortex not devoted to sensory and are devoted to perceiving, learning, rembering, and planning
Name the association areas
- Frontal (motor) association cortex
- somatosensory association cortex
- auditory association cortex
- visual association cortex
Left hemisphere is specialized for ________ and ________
language production and comprehension
Right Hemisphere is specialized for ______ and ______
non verbal and spatial abilities
Lateralization
functional difference between two hemispheres
Both hemispheres are connected by a large fiber called_____
corpus callosum
Fiber Tracts
bundles of axons traveling to and from different regions of the brain to and from the spinal cord
Basal ganglia
- control movement
- important for voluntary motor control, cognition, motor learning, & habit formation
The three main parts of the basal ganglia
1) caudate nucleus
2) putamen
3) globus pallidus
Nucleus Accumbens
- located in the anterior ventral striatum
- critical for pleasure
- reward-related learning
Limbic System
role in emotions and in certain types of memory formation
Limbic System major regions/nuclei
1) Cingulate cortex
2) Amygdala
3) Hippocampus
Cingulate cortex
conscious experience of emotions
Amygdala
threat detection, emotion, and emotional memory formation
Hippocampus
critical for certain types of memory
The base of the forebrain contains three important structures
1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Pituitary
Thalamus
relays sensory info from brainstem to the forebrain and cortex
Hypothalamus
motivated behaviours and in controlling endocrine and autonomic nervous system
Pituitary
master gland of endocrine system
-connected to hypothalamus
Hypothalamus collection of nuclei 4 functions
1) Fighting
2) Fleeing
3) Feeding
4) Mating
The Hypothalamus send _____ to the pituitary to trigger the realese of _____
signals; pituitary hormones
The two pituitary glands are
Anterior pituitary gland
Posterior pituitary gland
Pituitary hormones trigger the relase of other _____ from the ______
hormones, endocrine glands
Adrenaline (release site and function)
Adrenal gland; arousal, flight or fight
Cortisol (release site and function)
Adrenal gland; stress
Insulin (release site and function)
Pancreas; metabolism, body weight regualtion
Testosterone (release site and function)
Testes; male sexual behaviour & development, agression
Estrogen (release site and function)
Ovaries, female sexual behaviour and development
Dorsal side of midbrain
1) Superior colliculi
2) Inferior colliculi
Superior colliculi
visual processing
Inferior colliculi
auditory prrocessing
Ventral side of midbrain
- periaquductal gray
- red nucleus
- substantia nigra
- VTA
Periaqueductal grey
pain regulation, motivated behaviours
Red nucleus
motor control
Substantia nigra
motor control, dopamin neurons
VTA
reward&pleasure, arousal, dopamine neurons
The parts of the hindbrain
- cerebllum
- locus coruleus
- Pons
Cerebellum
“little brain” ; fin motor control
Locus coerulus
Source of norepinephrine; arousal, attention, vigilance
Pons
Tracts that are relayed from forebrain to spinal cord
Medulla oblongata (brainstem)
- most posterior
- breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, swallowing, vomiting
Spinal cord function
to relay somatosensory (touch,pain) info to brain & relay motor commands from brain to muscles
Cervical (Spinal cord)
Neck,arms,hands,fingers
Thoracic (Spinal cord)
trunk
Lumbar (Spinal cord)
front of legs, feet
Sacral (Spinal cord)
genitals, back of legs
Spinal + Cranial nerves are apart of the ______
somatic nervous system
Dorsal root ganglia
collection of cell bodies; sensory
Dorsal roots are for …
sensory
Ventral roots are for
motor
Optic (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
vision, sensory
Olfactory (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
smell, sensory
oculomotor (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
eye movement, motor
Trochlear (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
eye movement, motor
abducens (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
eye movement, motor
Trigeminal (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
jaw muscels, sensory and motor
Facial (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
face msucles, sensory and motor
Auditory (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
hearing, sensory
Glossopharyngeal (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
muscles of throat + larynx, sensory + motor
Vagus (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
internal organs, sensory and motor
Spinal accessory (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
neck muscles, motor
Hypoglossal (Cranial nerves) function + sensory or motor
tongue muscles, motor
Sympathetic nervouse system activated during
arousal, fight, flight
Sympathetic divison originates in
thoracic + lumbar
Parasympathetic is activated during
digestion, waking, relaxation
Parasympathetic divison originates in the
cervical + sacral