Sex and Gender Flashcards
Fertilization occurs when the ____ join to create a ____
gametes, zygote
Genetic sex is determined
at the time of fertilization by the sperm
The _______ determine genetic sex
sex chromosomes
We all begin life with _______ that either become _____ or _____
undiffereniated gonads, testes, ovaries
The ____ chromomes contain a ______ that is responisble for producing testes
y, sry gene
SRY gene encodes a ____ that cuases the immature fetal gonads to become
protein, testes
If the SRY gene is not present
he fetal gonads will become ovaries
The zygote has the precurors for both
male typical + female typical sex organs
Mullerian system
female typical precursor
Wolffian system
male typical precursor
Which way the immature organs developwill be based on
masculinizing hormones
The Mullerian system is the ____ developmental pathway
default
Testes secrete 2 hormones that serve to masculinize the internal sex ograns
1) Mullerian inhibiting substance
2) Testosterone
MIS
prevent the Mullerian system from developing
Testosterone
promotes development of Wollffian system
Development of external male-typical genetalia requires presence of
testosterone
Most variations in sexual development are due to variations of
testosterone
Androgen is a
male sex hormone -> testosterone
Androgen insensitivity: definition and result
- genetically XY fetus has testosterone, but lacks receptors for it
- development of female-typical external genitalia
- NO female internal organs
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: definition and result
- a genetically XX fetus has too much testosterone
- masculization of female genitalia
- HAS internal female organs
Secondary sex characteristics ( breast, facial hair) do not appear untill
puberty
At puberty the _______ secretes _______ into the _______ blood supply
hypothalamus; GnRH; pituitary
GnRH causes the ________ to release _____ and _____
anterior pituitary; FSH; LH
FSH and LH stimulate ______ and ______ to release _____ and ______
ovaries; testes; estrogen; testosterone
FSH and LH are known as _____ because they act on the ____
gonadotropins; gonads
FSH and LH work to
1) increase the production of sex hormones
2) Stimulate production of either sperm or ova
Male typical secondary characteristics are caused by ____ and include….
testosterone; facial+body hair, voice deepening, muscle growth, genital growth
Female typical secondary sex characteristics are caused by ______ and include…
estrogen; breast growth, chnages in body fat deposition, genital maturation, ovulation/cycling
1st step of the menstrual cycle
GnRH released from hypothalamus
2nd step of the menstrual cycle
anterior pituitary releases FSH, which travels to the ovaries
3rd step of the menstrual cycle
FSH promotes growth of an ovarian follicle
4th step of the menstrual cycle
the growing of the follicle releases estrogen
5th step of the menstrual cycle
estrogen reaches the pituitary and causes the release of LH
6th step of the menstrual cycle
LH travels back to the ovary and causes ovulation (release of a mature ovum)
7th step of the menstrual cycle
the remaining corpus luteum releases estrogen and progesterone
8th step of the menstrual cycle
Progesterone prepares the uterus for a pregnancy
In non primate animals sexual behavior is closely locked to …
seasonal rhythms, hormonal control, and to ovulation
In primates sexual behaviours are more _______ from hormones, especially in ____
independent; females
Human male sexual behavior is moderately reliant on
hormones
For most species the optimal time to engage in sex is during the
ovulatory phase in their cycle
Female humans tend to initiate sex more during the
ovulatory phase
cisgender
individual percieves a match between his or her gender identity and anatomical sex
transgender
individual perceives a mismatch between his or her gender identity and anatomical sex
The psychosocial view of gender reflects…
the idea that sexual roles and behaviors are culturally determined and only minimally influenced by biological factors
Gender schema theory
cognitive developmental framework for gender differences and roles based on social lerning theory
In gender schema theory, gender develops as a result of
cultural influences and social experiences
In XX individuals the brain will follow a
feminine trajectory
In XY individuals the brain will be
masculinized
