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Neuroscience > Psychopharmacology > Flashcards

Psychopharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Psychopharmacology is the

A

study of the effect of drugs on the nervous system

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2
Q

A drug is

A
  • not found in the body
  • not necessary for normal functioning
  • alters the function of certain cells of the body
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3
Q

Describe the order of routes of administration that are fastest, most potent, and most addictive

A

1) Intravenous
2) Smoked
3) Oral
4) Intranasal

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4
Q

Most drugs have ________ both _____ and ______ and each of these are associated with a _________

A

multiple effects, desirable, undesirable, dose-response curve

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5
Q

Explain the dose-response curve

A

There is a curve for therapeutic effects and toxic effects which will create a margin of safety.

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6
Q

Drugs cause affects by….. and occurs at

A
  • affecting the communication between neurons in the brain

- the synapse

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7
Q

Antagonists are…

A

drugs that inhibit the effects of neurotransmitters

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8
Q

Agonists are…

A

drugs that mimic or enhance the effects of neurotransmitters

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9
Q

An agonist

A

binds to a neurotransmitter binding site and promotes opening of an ion channel

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10
Q

An antagonist

A

binds to a neurotransmitter binding site and blocks the opening of an on channel

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11
Q

Competitive Binding occurs at

A

NT binding site

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12
Q

Direct Agonist

A

binds to and activates receptors; facilitates channel opening

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13
Q

Direct Antagonist

A

binds to but does not activate receptors; inhibits channel opening

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14
Q

Non-competitive binding

A

occurs at alternate binding sites on the same receptor

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15
Q

Indirect agonist

A

binds to alternative site, facilitates ion channel opening

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16
Q

Indirect antagonist

A

binds to alternative site and prevents ion channel from opening

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17
Q

List the Agnostic drug effects

A
  • increase synthesis or neurotransmitters
  • increase release of NTs
  • block re-uptake of NTs from the synapse
  • bind to postsynaptic receptor and mimic the effect of NTs
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18
Q

List the Antagonistic Drug effects

A
  • block synthesis of NTs
  • block release of NTs
  • destroy the NT in the synapse
  • competitively bind to postsynaptic receptors, not activate them, blocking NT effect
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19
Q

Stimulants _____ by binding to _____ receptors as _____ or by increasing levels of ______

A

depolarize; glutamate, agonists, excititory NTs

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20
Q

Sedatives _______ by binding to ____ receptors as _____ or to _____ receptors as ______

A

hyper-polarize; glutamte; antagonists; GABA; agonists

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21
Q

A stimulants drug will ______ effect of glutamate and make it ______ to fire and action potential

A

boost; more likely

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22
Q

A sedative drug that _____ the effects of GABA and make it ______ to fire an action potential

A

boost; less likely

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23
Q

Too much stimulation =

A

seizures

24
Q

Too much sedation =

A

coma

25
Q

The classical stimulants are

A

Amphetamines and Cocaine

26
Q

Amphetamines and Cocaine …

A

block re-uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, increasing excitation in the brain

27
Q

Amphetamines & Cocaine behave as

A

indirect agonists of Dopamine and Norepinephrine

28
Q

Cocaine is an _____ of the dopamine re-uptake pump but ultimately behaves as a _______ because it _____ the amount of dopamine at synapse

A

antagonist; indirect agonist, increases

29
Q

The effect of classical stimulants on Mesocortical DA pathway

A

attention, concentration, cognitive flexibility

30
Q

The effect of classical stimulant on Mesolimbic DA pathway

A

motivation, memory, euphoria

31
Q

The classical sedatives & tranquilizers are

A

barbituates + benzodiazepines

32
Q

Barbiturates are..

A

indirect agonists of GABA type-A receptors

33
Q

For barbiturates the _____ is very high

A

overdose potential

34
Q

Benzodiazepines are…

A

indirect agonists of GABA type A receptor

35
Q

Benzodiazepines overdoes potential is ___

A

very low

36
Q

Benzodiazepines is used for ______ and includes _____

A

anxiety; valium, xanax

37
Q

Classical sedatives lead to _____ permeability of _____ ions through GABA

A

increased; chloride

38
Q

Alcohol is a

A

atypical sedative

39
Q

Alcohol is a _____ of _____ receptor and a ______ of ______ receptors

A

indirect agonist; GABA type A; antagonist of NMDA glutamate

40
Q

Alcohol increase _____ and ____ and has a mild _____ effect

A

inhibition; sedation; dopamine

41
Q

Ketamine and Phencyclidine are

A

atypical sedatives

42
Q

Ketamine and Phencyclidine are _______ of the _____ receptor and increase ______

A

indirect antagonists ; NMDA glutamate; inhibition

43
Q

Ketamine and Phencyclidine bind to ______ and prevent ____

A

PCP site; ion flow

44
Q

Ketamine and Phencyclidine in small doses produce ______ and larger doses produce _______

A

relaxation, pain relief; sedation, anesthesia, dissociation

45
Q

Classical Psychedelics include

A

LSD, mescaline, psilocybin

46
Q

Classical Psychedelics all are _________ and produce ______

A

serotonin agonists; vivid hallucinations

47
Q

Opiates include

A

morphine, heroin, oxycodine, codeine

48
Q

Opiates bind to _____ receptors in the _____ & ______ as ______ to block _____

A

opiate; brain; spinal cord; agonists; pain signals

49
Q

In large doses opiates increase ____ release in the ____ leading to a state of ____

A

dopamine; brain; euphoria

50
Q

Endogenous opiates are

A

small peptide NTs produced by neurons in the brain and spinal cord

51
Q

Endogenous opiates include

A

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

52
Q

Endogenous opiates are released in response to

A

pain, stress, vigorous excersies

53
Q

Endogenous opiates bind to ____ receptors in the ____ & _____ as ____

A

opiate; brain’ spinal cord; agonists

54
Q

A placebo

A

is a treatment that is presumed to be ineffective

55
Q

Placebo effects must be

A

controlled for

Neuroscience (9 decks)

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