Psychopharmacology

Question 1

Psychopharmacology is the

Answer 1

study of the effect of drugs on the nervous system

Question 2

A drug is

Answer 2

• not found in the body
• not necessary for normal functioning
• alters the function of certain cells of the body

Question 3

Describe the order of routes of administration that are fastest, most potent, and most addictive

Answer 3

1) Intravenous
2) Smoked
3) Oral
4) Intranasal

Question 4

Most drugs have ________ both _____ and ______ and each of these are associated with a _________

Answer 4

multiple effects, desirable, undesirable, dose-response curve

Question 5

Explain the dose-response curve

Answer 5

There is a curve for therapeutic effects and toxic effects which will create a margin of safety.

Question 6

Drugs cause affects by….. and occurs at

Answer 6

• affecting the communication between neurons in the brain

- the synapse

Question 7

Antagonists are…

Answer 7

drugs that inhibit the effects of neurotransmitters

Question 8

Agonists are…

Answer 8

drugs that mimic or enhance the effects of neurotransmitters

Question 9

An agonist

Answer 9

binds to a neurotransmitter binding site and promotes opening of an ion channel

Question 10

An antagonist

Answer 10

binds to a neurotransmitter binding site and blocks the opening of an on channel

Question 11

Competitive Binding occurs at

Answer 11

NT binding site

Question 12

Direct Agonist

Answer 12

binds to and activates receptors; facilitates channel opening

Question 13

Direct Antagonist

Answer 13

binds to but does not activate receptors; inhibits channel opening

Question 14

Non-competitive binding

Answer 14

occurs at alternate binding sites on the same receptor

Question 15

Indirect agonist

Answer 15

binds to alternative site, facilitates ion channel opening

Question 16

Indirect antagonist

Answer 16

binds to alternative site and prevents ion channel from opening

Question 17

List the Agnostic drug effects

Answer 17

• increase synthesis or neurotransmitters
• increase release of NTs
• block re-uptake of NTs from the synapse
• bind to postsynaptic receptor and mimic the effect of NTs

Question 18

List the Antagonistic Drug effects

Answer 18

• block synthesis of NTs
• block release of NTs
• destroy the NT in the synapse
• competitively bind to postsynaptic receptors, not activate them, blocking NT effect

Question 19

Stimulants _____ by binding to _____ receptors as _____ or by increasing levels of ______

Answer 19

depolarize; glutamate, agonists, excititory NTs

Question 20

Sedatives _______ by binding to ____ receptors as _____ or to _____ receptors as ______

Answer 20

hyper-polarize; glutamte; antagonists; GABA; agonists

Question 21

A stimulants drug will ______ effect of glutamate and make it ______ to fire and action potential

Answer 21

boost; more likely

Question 22

A sedative drug that _____ the effects of GABA and make it ______ to fire an action potential

Answer 22

boost; less likely

Question 23

Too much stimulation =

Answer 23

seizures

Question 24

Too much sedation =

Answer 24

coma

Question 25

The classical stimulants are

Answer 25

Amphetamines and Cocaine

Question 26

Amphetamines and Cocaine ...

Answer 26

block re-uptake of dopamine and norepinephrine, increasing excitation in the brain

Question 27

Amphetamines & Cocaine behave as

Answer 27

indirect agonists of Dopamine and Norepinephrine

Question 28

Cocaine is an _____ of the dopamine re-uptake pump but ultimately behaves as a _______ because it _____ the amount of dopamine at synapse

Answer 28

antagonist; indirect agonist, increases

Question 29

The effect of classical stimulants on Mesocortical DA pathway

Answer 29

attention, concentration, cognitive flexibility

Question 30

The effect of classical stimulant on Mesolimbic DA pathway

Answer 30

motivation, memory, euphoria

Question 31

The classical sedatives & tranquilizers are

Answer 31

barbituates + benzodiazepines

Question 32

Barbiturates are..

Answer 32

indirect agonists of GABA type-A receptors

Question 33

For barbiturates the _____ is very high

Answer 33

overdose potential

Question 34

Benzodiazepines are...

Answer 34

indirect agonists of GABA type A receptor

Question 35

Benzodiazepines overdoes potential is ___

Answer 35

very low

Question 36

Benzodiazepines is used for ______ and includes _____

Answer 36

anxiety; valium, xanax

Question 37

Classical sedatives lead to _____ permeability of _____ ions through GABA

Answer 37

increased; chloride

Question 38

Alcohol is a

Answer 38

atypical sedative

Question 39

Alcohol is a _____ of _____ receptor and a ______ of ______ receptors

Answer 39

indirect agonist; GABA type A; antagonist of NMDA glutamate

Question 40

Alcohol increase _____ and ____ and has a mild _____ effect

Answer 40

inhibition; sedation; dopamine

Question 41

Ketamine and Phencyclidine are

Answer 41

atypical sedatives

Question 42

Ketamine and Phencyclidine are _______ of the _____ receptor and increase ______

Answer 42

indirect antagonists ; NMDA glutamate; inhibition

Question 43

Ketamine and Phencyclidine bind to ______ and prevent ____

Answer 43

PCP site; ion flow

Question 44

Ketamine and Phencyclidine in small doses produce ______ and larger doses produce _______

Answer 44

relaxation, pain relief; sedation, anesthesia, dissociation

Question 45

Classical Psychedelics include

Answer 45

LSD, mescaline, psilocybin

Question 46

Classical Psychedelics all are _________ and produce ______

Answer 46

serotonin agonists; vivid hallucinations

Question 47

Opiates include

Answer 47

morphine, heroin, oxycodine, codeine

Question 48

Opiates bind to _____ receptors in the _____ & ______ as ______ to block _____

Answer 48

opiate; brain; spinal cord; agonists; pain signals

Question 49

In large doses opiates increase ____ release in the ____ leading to a state of ____

Answer 49

dopamine; brain; euphoria

Question 50

Endogenous opiates are

Answer 50

small peptide NTs produced by neurons in the brain and spinal cord

Question 51

Endogenous opiates include

Answer 51

endorphins, enkephalins, dynorphins

Question 52

Endogenous opiates are released in response to

Answer 52

pain, stress, vigorous excersies

Question 53

Endogenous opiates bind to ____ receptors in the ____ & _____ as ____

Answer 53

opiate; brain' spinal cord; agonists

Question 54

A placebo

Answer 54

is a treatment that is presumed to be ineffective

Question 55

Placebo effects must be

Answer 55

controlled for