Stat's Flashcards
Cohort study
Longitudinal study where people followed up at random points and cross sections performed at random points
Individuals share common characteristics
Cross sectional study
Collect data from individuals at random point in time- will help estimate incidence at a certain time
Case control study
Looks at a cohort retrospectively to see what exposures may have led to a disease
Has control
Case series study
Looks back at a group over time with a disease with no control
Levels of evidence
1- meta analysis
Parametric vs non parametric tests
Parametric= normally distributed
Analysing parametric data
Paired vs unpaired t test
Analysing non-parametric data
Paired like before and after= wilcoxon signed
Mann- witney u= unpaired data
What is chi squared test used for
Categorical data comparisons (proportions/percentages)
Phases of clinical trial
Phase 1- a few people given to assess its safety and pharmacokinetics etc
Phase 2- 100 people given to assess therapeutic effectiveness and side effects
Phase 3- large cohort given it and assess difference to current treatment
Phase 4- post license where monitor long term effects
What shows publication bias in meta analysis
Funnel plot
What is outcome in cohort vs case control study
Cohort- RR
Case control- OR
How assess correlation in parametric vs non parametric data
Parametric- pearsons coefficient
Non-parametric- spearmans coefficient
Breslow thickness management
Remove and then based off pathology report determine if need further excision
0-1mm= 1cm
1-2mm= 1-2cm
2-4mm= 2-3
>4mm= 3cm
What is specificity and what is equation
% of people who test negative for a disease among group of people who do not have the disease
What is sensitivity
% of people who test positive for a disease among group of people that do have disease
What is positive predictive value
Proportion of patients who test positive that do have disease
True positives/(true positive plus positives)
What is negative predictive value
Proportion of people who test negative that do have disease
True negatives/(true negatives plus false negatives)
AF stroke prevention
Apxiaban or warfarin
Reaction to acetylcysteine infusion
Anaphylactoid
What given long term for mechanical valve replacements
Warfarin and aspirin if established CVD
What affected in de quervains
Swelling and inflamm of tendon sheath surrounding abductor and extensor tendons thumb
De quervains tenosynovitis management
NSAIDS and splint first line
2nd- steroid injection
Carpal tunnel management
Mild= splint at night and steroid injection
Severe or refractory= surgery
Main reasons for referring for extra screening for breast cancer
First or second relative with breast cancer diagnosed under 40
Male breast cancer
Bilateral with 1 under 50
Another with ovarian cancer
Jewish
Oesophageal cancer patient what do for patient about to undergo palliative chemo and radiation
Stent or gastrostomy depending on if able to eat
Also consider that can get ulcers in mouth from radiotherapy which will prevent people from eating
Case control vs retrospective cohort study
Case control= people with and without disease
Prospective cohort= 1 group of people with the disease, see who was exposed to what
Colon cancer management
Stage1-3= resection with adjuvant chemo
Stage 4= neoadjuvant chemo followed by resection of cancer and mets
Staging of cancer
Stage 1= T1-2 (1= submucosa, 2 muscularis)
Stage 2= T3-4 (3= through subserosa, 4= into local organ)
Stage 3= LN involvement
Stage 4= distant mets
Colorectal cancer not appropriate for surgery
Chemo with cetuximab
Stenting of obstructing cancers
Rectal cancer management
Within 5cm of anal verge= ABE
Over 5cm= anterior resection
Stage 3= chemo
Stage 4= chemoradiation
Pancreatic cancer management
Whipples ideally with adjuvant chemo
Palliative ERCP with stent
Oesophageal cancer management
Oesophagectomy ideally
Neoadjuvant chemoradiation or adjuvant chemoradiotherapy with nodal involvement
Small cell lung cancer
Stage 3= chemo or radiation too if good response to chemo
Stage 4= chemo
Non small cell cancer management
Stage 1-2= resection with adjuvant chemo
Stage 3-4= chemo
Take drug and start weeing red
Porphyria
Causes of carpal tunnel
Hypothyroidism
RA
Pregnancy
Acromegaly
