STAS: Intellectual Revolutions Flashcards
It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and
technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants.
Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the people
Scientific Revolution
There have also been instances when advancements in science and technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs.
Much of these events happened in a period now known as the Intellectual Revolution.
Scientific Revolution
Scientific Revolution is used to refer to the great intellectual achievements of science from
sixteenth to seventeenth century marking a radical change in the assumptions attitudes and methods in scientific inquiry.
Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moments to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion and theological views.
Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution develops as an offshoot of the Renaissance. The same questioning spirit that fueled the Renaissance led scientists to question traditional beliefs and the Church
about the workings of the universe. It was a new way of thinking about the natural world.
Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the only authorities accepted as truth
Scientific Revolution
A geocentric model of the universe, in which the Earth is at the center was supported during the Middle Ages
Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars accepted and believed the teachings of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer.
Scientific Revolution
Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of the universe.
People felt this was common sense, and the geocentric theory was supported by the Church.
Scientific Revolution
It was not until some startling discoveries caused Europeans to change the way they viewed the
physical world.
Scientific Revolution
Industrial revolution- refers to complex technological innovations from 1750 to 1895
characterized by the substitutions of machines for human skill and machine power for that of
human and animal bringing a shift from handicraft to manufacture and marking the birth of modern economy.
industrial revolution
spread new ideas
printing press
opened the minds of European thinkers to
new scientific knowledge
works of Muslim scholars o
Polish mathematician and astronomer who studied in Italy
Nicolaus Copernicus
he believes that The Earth is merely one of several planets revolving around the sun.
Copernicus’ model of the solar system:
1. Sun
2. Moon
3. Mercury
4. Venus
5. Earth
6. Mars
7. Jupiter
8. Saturn
Nicolaus Copernicus
he published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres
Nicolaus Copernicus
he use mathematical formulas
Nicolaus Copernicus
conception of the universe marked the start of modern science and astronomy.
Nicolaus Copernicus
people thought that there was a sort of crystal sphere that kept the planets, moon, and stars in orbit around the Earth. It was Copernicus that proposed the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun, and not vice versa… The sun was the center of the Universe, not the Earth.
Nicolaus Copernicus
most of the scholar rejected his theory
Nicolaus Copernicus
Most scholars rejected his theory because it went against Ptolemy, the Church, and because
it called for the Earth to rotate on its axis.
Nicolaus Copernicus
Many scientists of the time also felt that if Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was
wrong, then the whole system of human knowledge could be wrong.
Nicolaus Copernicus
was an Italian astronomer who built upon the scientific foundations laid by
Copernicus and Kepler.
Galileo Galilei
was an Italian astronomer who built upon the scientific foundations laid by
Copernicus and Kepler.
Galileo Galile
assembled the first telescope which allowed him to see mountains on the moon and
fiery spots on the sun
Galileo Galile
He also observed four moons rotating around Jupiter – exactly the way Copernicus said the
Earth rotated around the sun.
Galileo Galile
discovered that objects fall at the same speed regardless of weight.
Galileo Galile
The Church punished him for his belief in this idea. He was questioned by the Inquisition and
forced to confess that his ideas were wrong
Galileo Galile
The Church came him Galileo because it claimed that the Earth was fixed and unmoving.
Galileo Galile
When threatened with death before the Inquisition in 1633, ______ recanted his beliefs, even though he knew the Earth moved.
Galileo Galile
was put under house arrest, and was not allowed to publish his ideas.
Galileo Galile
After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the German astronomer and mathematician used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun.
Johannes Kepler
his scalculations supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory.
Johannes Kepler
finding help explain the paths followed by man-made satellites today.
Johannes Kepler
finding help explain the paths followed by man-made satellites today.
Johannes Kepler
was an English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo.
Sir Isaac Newton
Newton was the most influential scientist of the Scientific Revolution.
Sir Isaac Newton
He used math to prove the existence of gravity - a force that kept planets in their orbits around
the sun, and also caused objects to fall towards the earth.
Sir Isaac Newton
Newton published his scientific ideas in his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.
Sir Isaac Newton
He discovered laws of light and color, and formulated the laws of motion:
Sir Isaac Newton
body at rest stays at rest
Sir Isaac Newton
Acceleration is caused by force
Sir Isaac Newton
For every action there is an equal opposite reaction
Sir Isaac Newton
He invented calculus: a method of mathematical analysis.
Sir Isaac Newton
Studied medicine at Edinburgh, theology at Cambridge
Interest in natural history
Charles Darwin
Taught by a freed black slave who told him exciting tales of the South American Rainforest
Charles Darwin
developed the biological theory of evolution that explains how modern organisms
evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors
Charles Darwin
he began a 5 year voyage on the HMS Beagle that would change his life
Charles Darwin
observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among
the different Galapagos Islands. Among the tortoises, the shape of the shell corresponds to
different habitats.
Charles Darwin
thought about the patterns he’d seen on his voyage
Charles Darwin
He realized that there were many similarities between the animals he’d seen
Charles Darwin
There was evidence that suggested that species were not fixed and that they could change by
some natural process.
Charles Darwin
To find an explanation for change in nature, Darwin studied the changes produced by plant and animal breeders
Artificial Selection
Some plants bear larger or smaller fruits than others
Some cows give more or less milk than others in their herd
Artificial Selection
This told Darwin that variation could be passed from parents to offspring and used to improve
crops and livestock
In artificial selection, nature provides the variations, and humans select the ones they find useful
Artificial Selection
Darwin knew that variation occurs in wild species as well as domesticated species
He realized that that natural variation provided the raw material for evolution
Artificial Selection
Darwin wanted to gather as much evidence as he could to support his ideas before he made
them public
In 1858, Darwin read an essay by Alfred Wallace whose thoughts about evolution were almost
identical to his!
Artificial Selection
In order to not get “scooped”, Darwin decided to present his work at a scientific meeting in 1858
along with some of Wallace’s essay
The next year, Darwin published his complete work on evolution: On the Origin of Species
Artificial Selection
From Malthus’ theory of supply and demand, Darwin reasoned that if more individuals are
produced than can survive, they will have to compete for food, living space and other
necessities of life
Struggle for Existence during Artificial Selection
Individuals have natural variations among their inheritable traits
Some variations are better suited to life in their environment than others
Fast predators capture prey more efficiently
Prey that are faster, better camouflaged or better protected avoid being caught.
Artificial Selection Variation and Adaptation
Any heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment is called an adaptation
Examples of Adaptations:
Tiger’s claws
Camouflage colors
Plant structures
Avoidance behaviors
Variation and Adaptation
Artificial Selection
Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called
is a result of ADAPTATION
FITNESS
allow organisms to survive and are passed on to their offspring.
Good adaptations
t or f
Good fitness: Reproduce
Low Fitness: Few offspring/extinction
true
means more than just staying alive. It means reproducing and passing adaptations on to
the next generation
Survival
t or f
Natural Selection: Nature chooses
Artificial selection: Man chooses
true
inherited over several generations.
Favorable characteristics
is the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local
environment survive and leave more offspring
occurs in any situation in which more individuals are born than can survive
Over time, results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population.
natural selection
individuals within species vary
some of these variations are passed on to offspring
individuals vary in their ability to survive and reproduce
Individuals with the most favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce.
Natural selection produces organisms with different structures than their ancestor, different
niches, and new habitats.
Each living species has descended, with changes, over time.
DARWIN’S FOUR POSTULATES
Proposed that the use or disuse of organs caused organisms to gain or lose traits over time.
These new characteristics could be passed on to the next generation.
Suggest that species are not fixed
Explain that evolution uses natural processes
Recognize that there is a link between an organism’s environment and its body structures
his work paved the way for later biologists, including Darwin.
Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypotheses
noticed that people were being born faster than people were dying
He reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there would not be enough living
space and food for everyone
The forces that work against human population growth are war, famine and disease
He reasoned that what Malthus proposed for human populations also applied to all living things.
He observed that most organisms produce many more offspring than survive.
He wondered which individuals would survive . . . and why
If all the offspring that were produced did survive, they would overrun the world.
Thomas Malthus
the slow and gradual process by which living organisms have changed from the simplest
unicellular form to the most complex multi-cellular forms that are existing today.
ORGANIC EVOLUTION
An Austrian Neurologist who became fascinated with studying
o hysteria.
conscience.
- Developing out of the Ego
- Serves as conscience
Sigmund Freud
