STAS: Intellectual Revolutions

Question 1

It has been established that most, if not all, of the discoveries and inventions in science and
technology during each time period were due to human needs and wants.

Brilliant minds responded to the call of the times and created things that could make life easier for the people

Answer 1

Scientific Revolution

Question 2

There have also been instances when advancements in science and technology changed people’s perceptions and beliefs.

Much of these events happened in a period now known as the Intellectual Revolution.

Answer 2

Scientific Revolution

Question 3

Scientific Revolution is used to refer to the great intellectual achievements of science from
sixteenth to seventeenth century marking a radical change in the assumptions attitudes and methods in scientific inquiry.

Scientific revolution was the golden age for people committed to scholarly life in science but it was also a deeply trying moments to some scientific individuals that led to their painful death or condemnation from the religious institutions who tried to preserve their faith, religion and theological views.

Answer 3

Scientific Revolution

Question 4

The Scientific Revolution develops as an offshoot of the Renaissance. The same questioning spirit that fueled the Renaissance led scientists to question traditional beliefs and the Church
about the workings of the universe. It was a new way of thinking about the natural world.

Before 1500, the Bible and Aristotle were the only authorities accepted as truth

Answer 4

Scientific Revolution

Question 5

A geocentric model of the universe, in which the Earth is at the center was supported during the Middle Ages

Until the mid 1500’s, European scholars accepted and believed the teachings of Ptolemy, an ancient Greek astronomer.

Answer 5

Scientific Revolution

Question 6

Ptolemy taught that the Earth was the center of the universe.

People felt this was common sense, and the geocentric theory was supported by the Church.

Answer 6

Scientific Revolution

Question 7

It was not until some startling discoveries caused Europeans to change the way they viewed the
physical world.

Answer 7

Scientific Revolution

Question 8

Industrial revolution- refers to complex technological innovations from 1750 to 1895
characterized by the substitutions of machines for human skill and machine power for that of
human and animal bringing a shift from handicraft to manufacture and marking the birth of modern economy.

Answer 8

industrial revolution

Question 9

spread new ideas

Answer 9

printing press

Question 10

opened the minds of European thinkers to
new scientific knowledge

Answer 10

works of Muslim scholars o

Question 11

Polish mathematician and astronomer who studied in Italy

Answer 11

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 12

he believes that The Earth is merely one of several planets revolving around the sun.
Copernicus’ model of the solar system:
1. Sun
2. Moon
3. Mercury
4. Venus
5. Earth
6. Mars
7. Jupiter
8. Saturn

Answer 12

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 13

he published De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the
Heavenly Spheres

Answer 13

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 14

he use mathematical formulas

Answer 14

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 15

conception of the universe marked the start of modern science and astronomy.

Answer 15

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 16

people thought that there was a sort of crystal sphere that kept the planets, moon, and stars in orbit around the Earth. It was Copernicus that proposed the idea that the Earth revolved around the sun, and not vice versa… The sun was the center of the Universe, not the Earth.

Answer 16

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 17

most of the scholar rejected his theory

Answer 17

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 18

Most scholars rejected his theory because it went against Ptolemy, the Church, and because
it called for the Earth to rotate on its axis.

Answer 18

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 19

Many scientists of the time also felt that if Ptolemy’s reasoning about the planets was
wrong, then the whole system of human knowledge could be wrong.

Answer 19

Nicolaus Copernicus

Question 20

was an Italian astronomer who built upon the scientific foundations laid by
Copernicus and Kepler.

Answer 20

Galileo Galilei

Question 21

was an Italian astronomer who built upon the scientific foundations laid by
Copernicus and Kepler.

Answer 21

Galileo Galile

Question 22

assembled the first telescope which allowed him to see mountains on the moon and
fiery spots on the sun

Answer 22

Galileo Galile

Question 23

He also observed four moons rotating around Jupiter – exactly the way Copernicus said the
Earth rotated around the sun.

Answer 23

Galileo Galile

Question 24

discovered that objects fall at the same speed regardless of weight.

Answer 24

Galileo Galile

Question 25

The Church punished him for his belief in this idea. He was questioned by the Inquisition and forced to confess that his ideas were wrong

Answer 25

Galileo Galile

Question 26

The Church came him Galileo because it claimed that the Earth was fixed and unmoving.

Answer 26

Galileo Galile

Question 27

When threatened with death before the Inquisition in 1633, ______ recanted his beliefs, even though he knew the Earth moved.

Answer 27

Galileo Galile

Question 28

was put under house arrest, and was not allowed to publish his ideas.

Answer 28

Galileo Galile

Question 29

After Brahe’s death, his assistant, the German astronomer and mathematician used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets revolving around the sun.

Answer 29

Johannes Kepler

Question 30

his scalculations supported Copernicus’ heliocentric theory.

Answer 30

Johannes Kepler

Question 31

finding help explain the paths followed by man-made satellites today.

Answer 31

Johannes Kepler

Question 32

finding help explain the paths followed by man-made satellites today.

Answer 32

Johannes Kepler

Question 33

was an English scholar who built upon the work of Copernicus and Galileo.

Answer 33

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 34

Newton was the most influential scientist of the Scientific Revolution.

Answer 34

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 35

He used math to prove the existence of gravity - a force that kept planets in their orbits around the sun, and also caused objects to fall towards the earth.

Answer 35

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 36

Newton published his scientific ideas in his book Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.

Answer 36

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 37

He discovered laws of light and color, and formulated the laws of motion:

Answer 37

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 38

body at rest stays at rest

Answer 38

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 39

Acceleration is caused by force

Answer 39

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 40

For every action there is an equal opposite reaction

Answer 40

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 41

He invented calculus: a method of mathematical analysis.

Answer 41

Sir Isaac Newton

Question 42

Studied medicine at Edinburgh, theology at Cambridge Interest in natural history

Answer 42

Charles Darwin

Question 43

Taught by a freed black slave who told him exciting tales of the South American Rainforest

Answer 43

Charles Darwin

Question 44

developed the biological theory of evolution that explains how modern organisms evolved over long periods of time through descent from common ancestors

Answer 44

Charles Darwin

Question 45

he began a 5 year voyage on the HMS Beagle that would change his life

Answer 45

Charles Darwin

Question 46

observed that the characteristics of many animals and plants varied noticeably among the different Galapagos Islands. Among the tortoises, the shape of the shell corresponds to different habitats.

Answer 46

Charles Darwin

Question 47

thought about the patterns he’d seen on his voyage

Answer 47

Charles Darwin

Question 48

He realized that there were many similarities between the animals he’d seen

Answer 48

Charles Darwin

Question 49

There was evidence that suggested that species were not fixed and that they could change by some natural process.

Answer 49

Charles Darwin

Question 50

To find an explanation for change in nature, Darwin studied the changes produced by plant and animal breeders

Answer 50

Artificial Selection

Question 51

Some plants bear larger or smaller fruits than others Some cows give more or less milk than others in their herd

Answer 51

Artificial Selection

Question 52

This told Darwin that variation could be passed from parents to offspring and used to improve crops and livestock In artificial selection, nature provides the variations, and humans select the ones they find useful

Answer 52

Artificial Selection

Question 53

Darwin knew that variation occurs in wild species as well as domesticated species He realized that that natural variation provided the raw material for evolution

Answer 53

Artificial Selection

Question 54

Darwin wanted to gather as much evidence as he could to support his ideas before he made them public In 1858, Darwin read an essay by Alfred Wallace whose thoughts about evolution were almost identical to his!

Answer 54

Artificial Selection

Question 55

In order to not get “scooped”, Darwin decided to present his work at a scientific meeting in 1858 along with some of Wallace’s essay The next year, Darwin published his complete work on evolution: On the Origin of Species

Answer 55

Artificial Selection

Question 56

From Malthus’ theory of supply and demand, Darwin reasoned that if more individuals are produced than can survive, they will have to compete for food, living space and other necessities of life

Answer 56

Struggle for Existence during Artificial Selection

Question 57

Individuals have natural variations among their inheritable traits Some variations are better suited to life in their environment than others Fast predators capture prey more efficiently Prey that are faster, better camouflaged or better protected avoid being caught.

Answer 57

Artificial Selection Variation and Adaptation

Question 58

Any heritable characteristic that increases an organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its environment is called an adaptation Examples of Adaptations: Tiger’s claws Camouflage colors Plant structures Avoidance behaviors

Answer 58

Variation and Adaptation Artificial Selection

Question 59

Ability to survive and reproduce in a specific environment is called is a result of ADAPTATION

Answer 59

FITNESS

Question 60

allow organisms to survive and are passed on to their offspring.

Answer 60

Good adaptations

Question 61

t or f Good fitness: Reproduce Low Fitness: Few offspring/extinction

Answer 61

true

Question 62

means more than just staying alive. It means reproducing and passing adaptations on to the next generation

Answer 62

Survival

Question 63

t or f Natural Selection: Nature chooses Artificial selection: Man chooses

Answer 63

true

Question 64

inherited over several generations.

Answer 64

Favorable characteristics

Question 65

is the process by which organisms with variations most suited to their local environment survive and leave more offspring occurs in any situation in which more individuals are born than can survive Over time, results in changes in the inherited characteristics of a population.

Answer 65

natural selection

Question 66

individuals within species vary some of these variations are passed on to offspring individuals vary in their ability to survive and reproduce Individuals with the most favorable adaptations are more likely to survive and reproduce. Natural selection produces organisms with different structures than their ancestor, different niches, and new habitats. Each living species has descended, with changes, over time.

Answer 66

DARWIN'S FOUR POSTULATES

Question 67

Proposed that the use or disuse of organs caused organisms to gain or lose traits over time. These new characteristics could be passed on to the next generation. Suggest that species are not fixed Explain that evolution uses natural processes Recognize that there is a link between an organism’s environment and its body structures his work paved the way for later biologists, including Darwin.

Answer 67

Lamarck’s Evolutionary Hypotheses

Question 68

noticed that people were being born faster than people were dying He reasoned that if the human population grew unchecked, there would not be enough living space and food for everyone The forces that work against human population growth are war, famine and disease He reasoned that what Malthus proposed for human populations also applied to all living things. He observed that most organisms produce many more offspring than survive. He wondered which individuals would survive . . . and why If all the offspring that were produced did survive, they would overrun the world.

Answer 68

Thomas Malthus

Question 69

the slow and gradual process by which living organisms have changed from the simplest unicellular form to the most complex multi-cellular forms that are existing today.

Answer 69

ORGANIC EVOLUTION

Question 70

An Austrian Neurologist who became fascinated with studying o hysteria. conscience. - Developing out of the Ego - Serves as conscience

Answer 70

Sigmund Freud