CPHM: LESSON 2 Introduction to Biostatistic

Question 1

•…application of statistical methods to the life sciences like biology, medicine and public health”…

Answer 1

Biostatistics

Question 2

two Branches of Statistics

Answer 2

Descriptive Statistics and Inferential Statistics

Question 3

Statistical techniques for summarizing and presenting data in a form that will make them easier to analyze and interpret

Answer 3

Descriptive Statistics

Question 4

Concerned in making estimates, predictions, generalizations, and conclusions about a target population based on information from a sample
• Estimation
• Hypothesis testing

Answer 4

• Inferential Statistics

Question 5

• Demographic
• Health Status
• Health Resources
• Health-related Socio-economic Environmental Factors

Answer 5

Statistical Data

Question 6

Used to describe the variety and frequency of past outcomes under similar conditions as a way of predicting what should happen in the future

Answer 6

Probability

Question 7

used to express the degree of probability or improbability of a certain result in an experiment.

Answer 7

P value

Question 8

Expresses the probability that the observed result could have occurred by chance alone.

Answer 8

P value

Question 9

• This is a range of values within which the true result probably falls.

Answer 9

Confidence Interval

Question 10

the lower the likelihood of random error.

Answer 10

Confidence Interval

Question 11

Are often expressed as margins of error, as in political polling, when a politician’s support might be estimated at 50 percent. The confidence interval would be 47% to 53%

Answer 11

Confidence Interval

Question 12

• While p values and confidence intervals are useful concepts in deciding how seriously to take an experimental result, it is wrong to place too much confidence in an experiment just because it yields a low p value or a narrow confidence interval.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

measurement of a characteristics

Answer 13

Variable

Question 14

variables whose categories are simply used as labels to distinguish one group from another

Answer 14

Qualitative

Question 15

numerical representation of the categories are for labeling/coding and NOT for comparison

Answer 15

Qualitative

Question 16

sex, religion, place of residence,
Disease status

Answer 16

Qualitative

Question 17

values indicate a quantity or amount and can be expressed numerically

Answer 17

Quantitative

Question 18

values can be arranged according to magnitude

age, height, weight, blood pressure

Answer 18

Quantitative

Question 19

a classificatory scale where the categories are used as labels only
example: sex, race, blood group, patient ID

Answer 19

Nominal

Question 20

used for categories which can be ordered or ranked
Example: likert scale, psychosocial Scale

Answer 20

ordinal

Question 21

same characteristics as ordinal; zero point is arbitrary and does not mean absence of the characteristic

Example:temperature, IQ

Answer 21

Interval

Question 22

same characteristics as ordinal; a meaningful zero point exist
example: weight, BP, height, doctor visits

Answer 22

Ratio

Question 23

It refers to the arrangement of any data in an orderly sequence, so that they can be presented concisely and compactly and so that they can be understood easily.

Answer 23

TABULATION

Question 24

• Data are grouped according to some scale of classification, where the sum of the entries is equal to
• the total. The figures may either be in equal numbers, in percent, or in both. The scales used may be qualitative, quantitative, or both.
• A frequency distribution shows the number of observations falling into each of several ranges of values.
Frequency distributions are portrayed as frequency tables, histograms, or polygons.

Answer 24

Frequency distribution

Question 25

used to compare two or more frequencies

Answer 25

Correlation data

Question 26

some variable changes over a while is the one being presented

Answer 26

Time series data

Question 27

it should state the objective of the table. It should clearly, briefly and comprehensively what the figures in the body of the table stand for. How the data are classified, where and when obtained

Answer 27

Title

Question 28

indicate the basis of classification of the rows or horizontal series of figures

Answer 28

Stubs

Question 29

indicate the basis of classification of the columns or vertical series of figures.

Answer 29

Column headings

Question 30

this is made up of the figures filling the cells or compartments brought about by the coordinates of rows and columns

Answer 30

Body of the table

Question 31

refer to the column totals and row totals

Answer 31

Marginal Totals

Question 32

indicate the source of information

Answer 32

Footnote

Question 33

• The purpose is to convey a simpler idea of what the statistical table contains. • Statistical graph either a series of lines joined together, or bars or enclosed areas, drawn to represent certain statistical information under consideration. • Intended for comparison, to show correlation, or simply for data presentation • Primary tools for presentation and analysis.

Answer 33

Graphing

Question 34

Parts of a Graph: indicate clearly and briefly what the figures in the body of the graph stand for, how the data were classified, and where and when obtained. This is placed at the bottom of the graph, preceded by number for easy reference.

Answer 34

title

Question 35

a graph has 2 axes, the vertical and the horizontal:

Answer 35

Axis

Question 36

true or false: Each represents separate scales of classification corresponding to the row and column headings of the table being graphically presented.

Answer 36

true

Question 37

true or false: • One of the axes is always quantitative scale while the other is either qualitative or quantitative scales.

Answer 37

true

Question 38

this is needed when one is drawing more than one graph in a graphing space. This clarifies to what particular item each of the graph refers. It is placed either at the bottom of the graph or as close as possible to the figures being identified.

Answer 38

Legend

Question 39

these are the lines, bars or figures drawn within the graphing

Answer 39

Body of the graph

Question 40

there are two kinds of scales used, the qualitative and the quantitative which may discontinuous variety (counts) or continuous (measurement)

Answer 40

Frequency Distribution

Question 41

numbers (count) or raters (measurements) plotted over a given time period

Answer 41

trend

Question 42

maybe either of the two

Answer 42

Correlation data