CPHM: intro to epidemiology

Question 1

Study the occurrence and distribution of diseases as well as distribution of determinants of health state or events in specified population and the application of this study to control health problems

Answer 1

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 2

Field of science dealing with the relationship of the various factors which determine the frequencies and distribution of an infectious process. A disease or a physiological state in human community.

Answer 2

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 3

• Study of the behavior of disease in the community rather than in individual patients and includes the study of reservoirs and sources of human disease.

Answer 3

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 4

Studies the patterns of disease occurrence in human populations and the factors that influence this pattern.
The term obviously is related to the epidemic (derived from the Greek word” upon the people” meaning leading the people)

Answer 4

EPIDEMIOLOGY

Question 5

“the diagnostic discipline of public health.”
-C-E. A. Winslow, the great public health leader of the early 20th century,

Answer 5

epidemiology

Question 6

an increase in the frequency (incidence) of a disease above the usual and expected rate, which is called the endemic rate., thus epidemiology count cases of a disease, and when they detect the sign of epidemic, they ask who, when and where questions.

Answer 6

Epidemic

Question 7

• Who is getting the disease
• Where and when the disease is occurring

Answer 7

Epidemic

Question 8

From this information, they can often make informed guesses as to why it is occurring.

Answer 8

Epidemic

Question 9

surveillance made by the government before many people start dying.
reporting it allows public health authorities to detect an emerging epidemic at an early stage.

Answer 9

Notifiable disease

Question 10

Outbreak of hepatitis and Food poisoning example of___

Answer 10

typical Epidemiologic Investigation

Question 11

The ultimate goal is to use this knowledge to control and prevent the spread of disease.

Answer 11

epidemiology

Question 12

-father of modern epidemiology
- Study about cholera.

Answer 12

John Snow

Question 13

t or f
the Two main areas of investigation
1. Describes the distribution of health status in terms of age, gender, race, geography, and time.
2. Patterns of disease distribution in terms of causal factor

Answer 13

true

Question 14

• In epidemiology of any disease or event, one studies the factor which contribute to its causation and behavior

Answer 14

AGENT, HOST, ENVIRONMENT

Question 15

t or f
Epidemiology concept maintains that there can be no single cause of disease

Answer 15

true

Question 16

1.Study the history of the health population and the rise and fall of diseases and changes in their character
2. Diagnose the health of the community and the condition of the people.
3. Study the work of health services with a view of improving them
4. Estimate the risk of diseases, accidents, detects and the changes avoiding them
5. Complete the clinical feature of chronic disease and describe their natural history
6. Search for cause of health and disease

Answer 16

Uses of Epidemiology

Question 17

any element, substance or force whether living or non-living thing; the presence or absence can initiate or perpetuate a disease process.

Answer 17

AGENT

Question 18

1. This could be living or non-living things, physical or mechanical in nature such as extremes of temperature, light electricity.
2. They could be chemicals- endogenous (within the body) or exogenous (poison)

Answer 18

Types of Agent

Question 19

physical feature, biological requirement, chemical composition, resistance

Answer 19

Inherent characteristics

Question 20

refers to the reservoir and source of infection and modes of transmission.

Answer 20

Characteristic in relation to the environment

Question 21

Characteristic directly related to man

ability to gain access and adapt to the human host to the extent of finding of finding lodgement and multiplication

Answer 21

Infectivity

Question 22

Characteristic directly related to man

measures the ability of agent when lodged in the body set up a specific reaction

Answer 22

Pathogenicity

Question 23

Characteristic directly related to man

refers to the severity of the reaction produce and is usually measured in terms of fatality.

Answer 23

Virulence

Question 24

Characteristic directly related to man

ability to stimulate the host to produce antibody

Answer 24

Antigenicity

Question 25

Modes of Transmission immediate transfer of infectious agent a receptive portal of entry

Answer 25

Direct transmission

Question 26

Modes of Transmission Vehicle borne Vector-borne Mechanical vector Biological vector

Answer 26

Indirect transmission

Question 27

Modes of Transmission dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry usually the respiratory tract (droplet nuclei and dust)

Answer 27

Airborne

Question 28

usually small residues which result from the evaporation of fluid from droplets emitted by an infected host

Answer 28

Droplet nuclei

Question 29

contaminated inanimate objects or materials

Answer 29

Vehicle borne

Question 30

from other living organisms (ex. Insects)

Answer 30

Vector-borne-from

Question 31

these are cells in our body like plasma cells and lymphocytes that produce antibodies to neutralize harmful effects of the infectious agents and body fluids in our body that possess substance that have antimicrobial properties

Answer 31

Humoral defense

Question 32

there are cells in our body like macrophages and neutrophils involve in the process of phagocytocis

Answer 32

¿Cellular defense

Question 33

sum total of an organism's external surrounding conditions and influences that affect its life and development • Physical Environment • climate • Geography and location • Biologic Environment-

Answer 33

Environment

Question 34

certain disease have seasonal distribution

Answer 34

climate

Question 35

living environment of man consist of plants, animals and fellow human beings.

Answer 35

Biologic Environment

Question 36

Time between exposure to infectious agent up to the time of appearance of the earliest signs and symptoms

Answer 36

Incubation Period

Question 37

the time between exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms of a disease.

Answer 37

Clinical incubation period

Question 38

The time taken by the parasite to complete its development in the definite host (from the time of entry of the infective larvae to the presence of microfilariae) is called the Intrinsic incubation period (Biological incubation).

Answer 38

Biological Incubation Period

Question 39

As applied to patient, separation for the period of communicability, of infected persons or animals from others in such places and under such conditions as to prevent or limit the effect of the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent from those infected to those who are susceptible or who may spread the disease agent.

Answer 39

• ISOLATION

Question 40

this category is designed to prevent transmission of highly contagious or virulent infectious that may spread by direct contact or droplet.

Answer 40

Strict isolation

Question 41

for less highly transmissible or serious infections, for disease or conditions which are spread primarily by close or direct contact.

Answer 41

Contact isolation-

Question 42

to prevent transmission of infectious diseases over short distance through the air

Answer 42

Respiratory isolation

Question 43

for patient with pulmonary tuberculosis who have a positive sputum smear or chest x-rays which strongly suggest active tuberculosis

Answer 43

Tuberculosis isolation (AFB isolation)

Question 44

for infectious transmitted by direct or indirect contact with feces purulent material or drainage from an infected body site

Answer 44

Enteric Precautions

Question 45

to prevent infections transmitted by direct or indirect contact with purulent material or drainage from an infected body site.

Answer 45

Drainage/secretion Precautions

Question 46

to prevent infections that are transmitted by direct or indirect contact with infected blood or body fluids.

Answer 46

Blood/body fluid Precautions

Question 47

restriction of the activities of a well persons or animals who have been exposed to a case of communicable diseases during its period of communicability to prevent disease transmission during incubation of infection should occur.

Answer 47

QUARANTINE

Question 48

Limitation of movement of those exposed to a communicable disease for a period of time not longer than the longest usual incubation period of that disease.

Answer 48

Absolute or Complete Quarantine

Question 49

Selective, partial limitation of freedom of movements of contacts

Answer 49

Modified Quarantine

Question 50

This is the phase before man is involved. Through the interaction of the agent, the host and environmental factors, the agent finally reaches man. - It maybe said that everyone is in the period of pre-pathogenesis of many diseases because agents are present in the environment where man lives

Answer 50

Pre-pathogenesis

Question 51

This phases includes the successful invasion and establishment of the agent in the hos

Answer 51

Pathogenesis

Question 52

1. Condition in the environment must be favorable to the agent or the agent must be able to adapt in the environment 2. Suitable reservoirs must be present 3. A susceptible host must be present 4. Satisfactory portal of entry into the host 5. Accessible portal of exit from the host 6. Appropriate means of dissemination and transmission to a new host

Answer 52

six requirements for the successful invasion of the host ay an infectious agent.