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PRELIMS > CPHM: intro to epidemiology > Flashcards

CPHM: intro to epidemiology Flashcards

1
Q

Study the occurrence and distribution of diseases as well as distribution of determinants of health state or events in specified population and the application of this study to control health problems

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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2
Q

Field of science dealing with the relationship of the various factors which determine the frequencies and distribution of an infectious process. A disease or a physiological state in human community.

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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3
Q

• Study of the behavior of disease in the community rather than in individual patients and includes the study of reservoirs and sources of human disease.

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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4
Q

Studies the patterns of disease occurrence in human populations and the factors that influence this pattern.
The term obviously is related to the epidemic (derived from the Greek word” upon the people” meaning leading the people)

A

EPIDEMIOLOGY

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5
Q

“the diagnostic discipline of public health.”
-C-E. A. Winslow, the great public health leader of the early 20th century,

A

epidemiology

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6
Q

an increase in the frequency (incidence) of a disease above the usual and expected rate, which is called the endemic rate., thus epidemiology count cases of a disease, and when they detect the sign of epidemic, they ask who, when and where questions.

A

Epidemic

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7
Q

• Who is getting the disease
• Where and when the disease is occurring

A

Epidemic

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8
Q

From this information, they can often make informed guesses as to why it is occurring.

A

Epidemic

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9
Q

surveillance made by the government before many people start dying.
reporting it allows public health authorities to detect an emerging epidemic at an early stage.

A

Notifiable disease

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10
Q

Outbreak of hepatitis and Food poisoning example of___

A

typical Epidemiologic Investigation

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11
Q

The ultimate goal is to use this knowledge to control and prevent the spread of disease.

A

epidemiology

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12
Q

-father of modern epidemiology
- Study about cholera.

A

John Snow

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13
Q

t or f
the Two main areas of investigation
1. Describes the distribution of health status in terms of age, gender, race, geography, and time.
2. Patterns of disease distribution in terms of causal factor

A

true

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14
Q

• In epidemiology of any disease or event, one studies the factor which contribute to its causation and behavior

A

AGENT, HOST, ENVIRONMENT

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15
Q

t or f
Epidemiology concept maintains that there can be no single cause of disease

A

true

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16
Q

1.Study the history of the health population and the rise and fall of diseases and changes in their character
2. Diagnose the health of the community and the condition of the people.
3. Study the work of health services with a view of improving them
4. Estimate the risk of diseases, accidents, detects and the changes avoiding them
5. Complete the clinical feature of chronic disease and describe their natural history
6. Search for cause of health and disease

A

Uses of Epidemiology

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17
Q

any element, substance or force whether living or non-living thing; the presence or absence can initiate or perpetuate a disease process.

A

AGENT

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18
Q
  1. This could be living or non-living things, physical or mechanical in nature such as extremes of temperature, light electricity.
  2. They could be chemicals- endogenous (within the body) or exogenous (poison)
A

Types of Agent

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19
Q

physical feature, biological requirement, chemical composition, resistance

A

Inherent characteristics

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20
Q

refers to the reservoir and source of infection and modes of transmission.

A

Characteristic in relation to the environment

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21
Q

Characteristic directly related to man

ability to gain access and adapt to the human host to the extent of finding of finding lodgement and multiplication

A

Infectivity

22
Q

Characteristic directly related to man

measures the ability of agent when lodged in the body set up a specific reaction

A

Pathogenicity

23
Q

Characteristic directly related to man

refers to the severity of the reaction produce and is usually measured in terms of fatality.

A

Virulence

24
Q

Characteristic directly related to man

ability to stimulate the host to produce antibody

A

Antigenicity

25
Q

Modes of Transmission
immediate transfer of infectious agent a receptive portal of entry

A

Direct transmission

26
Q

Modes of Transmission

Vehicle borne
Vector-borne
Mechanical vector
Biological vector

A

Indirect transmission

27
Q

Modes of Transmission

dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry usually the respiratory tract
(droplet nuclei and dust)

A

Airborne

28
Q

usually small residues which result from the evaporation of fluid from droplets emitted by an infected host

A

Droplet nuclei

29
Q

contaminated inanimate objects or materials

A

Vehicle borne

30
Q

from other living organisms (ex. Insects)

A

Vector-borne-from

31
Q

these are cells in our body like plasma cells and lymphocytes that produce antibodies to neutralize harmful effects of the infectious agents and body fluids in our body that possess substance that have antimicrobial properties

A

Humoral defense

32
Q

there are cells in our body like macrophages and neutrophils involve in the process of phagocytocis

A

¿Cellular defense

33
Q

sum total of an organism’s external surrounding conditions and influences that affect its life and development

• Physical Environment
• climate
• Geography and location
• Biologic Environment-

A

Environment

34
Q

certain disease have seasonal distribution

A

climate

35
Q

living environment of man consist of plants, animals and fellow human beings.

A

Biologic Environment

36
Q

Time between exposure to infectious agent up to the time of appearance of the earliest signs and symptoms

A

Incubation Period

37
Q

the time between exposure to a pathogenic organism and the onset of symptoms of a disease.

A

Clinical incubation period

38
Q

The time taken by the parasite to complete its development in the definite host (from the time of entry of the infective larvae to the presence of microfilariae) is called the Intrinsic incubation period (Biological incubation).

A

Biological Incubation Period

39
Q

As applied to patient, separation for the period of communicability, of infected persons or animals from others in such places and under such conditions as to prevent or limit the effect of the direct or indirect transmission of the infectious agent from those infected to those who are susceptible or who may spread the disease agent.

A

• ISOLATION

40
Q

this category is designed to prevent transmission of highly contagious or virulent infectious that may spread by direct contact or droplet.

A

Strict isolation

41
Q

for less highly transmissible or serious infections, for disease or conditions which are spread primarily by close or direct contact.

A

Contact isolation-

42
Q

to prevent transmission of infectious diseases over short distance through the air

A

Respiratory isolation

43
Q

for patient with pulmonary tuberculosis who have a positive sputum smear or chest x-rays which strongly suggest active tuberculosis

A

Tuberculosis isolation (AFB isolation)

44
Q

for infectious transmitted by direct or indirect contact with feces purulent
material or
drainage from an infected body site

A

Enteric Precautions

45
Q

to prevent infections transmitted by direct or indirect contact with purulent material or drainage from an infected body site.

A

Drainage/secretion Precautions

46
Q

to prevent infections that are transmitted by direct or indirect contact with infected blood or body fluids.

A

Blood/body fluid Precautions

47
Q

restriction of the activities of a well persons or animals who have been exposed to a case of communicable diseases during its period of communicability to prevent disease transmission during incubation of infection should occur.

A

QUARANTINE

48
Q

Limitation of movement of those exposed to a communicable disease for a period of time not longer than the longest usual incubation period of that disease.

A

Absolute or Complete Quarantine

49
Q

Selective, partial limitation of freedom of movements of contacts

A

Modified Quarantine

50
Q

This is the phase before man is involved. Through the interaction of the agent, the host and environmental factors, the agent finally reaches man.
- It maybe said that everyone is in the period of pre-pathogenesis of many diseases because agents are present in the environment where man lives

A

Pre-pathogenesis

51
Q

This phases includes the successful invasion and establishment of the agent in the hos

A

Pathogenesis

52
Q
  1. Condition in the environment must be favorable to the agent or the agent must be able to adapt in the environment
  2. Suitable reservoirs must be present
  3. A susceptible host must be present
  4. Satisfactory portal of entry into the host
  5. Accessible portal of exit from the host
  6. Appropriate means of dissemination and transmission to a new host
A

six requirements for the successful invasion of the host ay an infectious agent.

PRELIMS (18 decks)

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