CHEM SOLUTIONS Flashcards
is a mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase.
solution
One constituent is usually regarded as the __________ and the others as __________.
solvent and solutes
the part of a solution that is being dissolved (usually the lesser amount)
SOLUTE
the part of a solution that dissolves the solute (usually the greater amount)
SOLVENT
Solute + Solvent =
Solution
if two liquids dissolve in each other in any proportion as in water and alcohol
Miscible
when two liquid components form a single phase when mixed in certain proportions but form two phases when mixed in different proportions like benzene and water
Partially Miscible
when two components are insoluble in each other like water and mercury
Immiscible
contains the maximum quantity of solute that dissolves at that temperature.
Saturated solution
contains less than the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a particular temperature
Unsaturated solution
contain more solute that a solvent can dissolve at a given temperature
Supersaturated solutions
are unstable
only temporary, and usually accomplished in one of two way
Supersaturated solutions
when there is evolution of heat during its formation, thus when the components of this solution are mixed, the solution becomes hot, like NaOH in water
Exothermic solution
when there is absorption of heat during its formation, thus when the components of this solution are mixed, the solution becomes cold
Endothermic solution
a solution which contains a relatively large amount of solute
Dilute solution
a solution which contains a relatively large amount of solute
Concentrated solution
solution with the same concentration as the standard Normal Saline Solution (0.85 – 0.9% NaCl is isotonic with the concentration of salt in the blood)
Isotonic solution
solution whose concentration is lower than the standard
Hypotonic Solution
solution whose concentration is greater than the standard
Hypertonic Solution
are non-settling.
pass through filters
Particles in a solution
are clear even when colored.
Solutions
are diffusible
Particles in a solution
Movement of a fluid from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. The particles will mix until they are evenly distributed.
Diffusion
can undergo osmosis.
Solutions
- Properties determined by the number of particles in solution rather than the type of particles.
•Vapor Pressure
•Boiling Point
•Freezing Point
•Osmotic Pressure
Colligative Properties
of a liquid is the water temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid
Boiling Point
describes the phenomenon that the boiling point of a liquid(a solvent) will be higher when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a higher boiling point than a pure solvent. This happens whenever a non-volatile solute, such as a salt, is added to a pure solvent, such as water
Boiling-point elevation
also known as equilibrium vapor pressure
is the pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its non-vapor phases. All liquids and solids have a tendency to evaporate to a gaseous form, and all gases have a tendency to condense back into their original form (either liquid or solid)
Vapor pressure
is always less than the vapor pressure of a pure solvent
Vapor pressure of a solution
essentially the same as the melting point of the same substance in its solid form and may be regarded as the temperature at which the solid and liquid states of the substance are in equilibrium.
Freezing point of a pure (unmixed) liquid
always lower than in pure solvent.
Freezing point of solutions of a non-volatile compound
describes the phenomenon that the freezing point of a liquid (a solvent) is depressed when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a lower freezing point than a pure solvent.
This happens whenever a solute is added to a pure solvent, such as water.
Freezing-point depression
The phenomenon may be observed in sea water, which due to its salt content remains liquid at temperatures below 0°C, the freezing point of pure water.
Freezing-point depression
- is the hydrostatic pressure produced by a difference in concentration between solutions on the two sides of a surface such as a semipermeable membrane.
Osmotic Pressure
higher in solutions of higher concentrations.
Osmotic pressure
A property of a substance which allows it to form uniform mixtures with other substance or the weight of a substance dissolved by a given weight of volume of solvent at a given temperature.
Solubility
when a given solute is readily soluble in a given amount of solvent e.g. sugar in water
Soluble or very soluble
when a given solute in a given amount of solvent with the aid of outside factor such as stirring or shaking e.g. sodium sulfate in water
Moderately soluble
when the solute is partially dissolved in a given amount of solvent
Slightly soluble
when a given solute does not dissolve in a given amount of water
e.g. sand in water
Insoluble
Heating in general decrease the solubility of a gas in liquids
–Increased pressure results in increased solubility of a gas in a liquid
Gases
–Relative solubilities of two liquids in each other are determined by its degree of similarity
–Liquids of low molecular polarity are readily miscible with each other
–Heat increase the miscibility of liquids
Liquids
vary in their solubility in liquids
–All Na, K, NH4 compounds are soluble
–All compounds containing halides except of Ag, Hg and Pb are soluble
–All compounds containing nitrates, acetates and chlorates are soluble
Solids
All sulfate except Ba, Pb and Sr are soluble while Ag and Ca are slightly soluble
–Most oxides, hydroxides, phosphates, carbonates, sulfides except Na, K are insoluble
Solids
(t/f)
Solubilities of several ionic solid as a function of temperature. MOST salts have greater solubility in hot water.
TRUE
(t or f)
A few salts have negative heat of solution, (exothermic process) and they become less soluble with increasing temperature.
TRUE
which states that the amount of solute gas dissolved in solution is directly proportional to the amount of pressure above the solution.
Henry’s Law
Pulverization or grinding of a solid to fine powder will increase area to the solvent
Size of Solute
Shaking or stirring bring out about circulation of the solvent and maximum contact between solute and solvent
Agitation
Heating increases the solubility of most solids
Temperature
Among the halogens, Fluorine is the most active and combines with Hydrogen with explosive violence
Nature of the reactants
–This favors reaction. If there is greater contact and collision among the molecules, there is increased reaction velocity.
Close Contact
(t or f)
Chemical reations proceed more rapidly in higher temperature.
TRUE
TRUE OR FALSE
•Catalysts
–This speeds up the rate of the reaction. Some catalysts form intermediated product with one of the reactants while others are only contact catalysts. Negative catalysts retard the rate of the reaction.
true
The more molecules in a definite volume, the greater will the speed of reaction.
–is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance.
–This can apply to any sort of chemical mixture, but most frequently the concept is limited to homogeneous solutions, where it refers to the amount of solute in a substance.
Concentration
