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Starting again :( Flashcards

1
Q

MMSE score indicating cognitive decline

A

<27

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2
Q

toxoplasmosis symptoms

A

parasitic

headache
focal neuro deficit
confusion
seizures
behaviour change

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3
Q

toxoplasmosis signs

A

ring-enhancing lesions in the basal ganglia, frontal lobe and parietal lobe.

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4
Q

toxoplasmosis investigations

A

CSF immunofluorescence

CT/MRI

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5
Q

Friedreich’s ataxia

A

autosomal recessive
GAA repeat on frataxin gene

neurodegenerative

10-20 yo

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6
Q

Friedreich’s ataxia symptoms

A

ataxia

weakness

falls

sensory symptoms

high arch of foot/palate

visual, cardio, diabetes T1, deafness

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7
Q

alzheimers meds mild- moderate

drug class

A

rivastigamine

galantamine

donpezil

cholinesterase inhibitors

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8
Q

alzheimers severe medication and drug class

A

NMDA inhibitor (receptor of glutamate)

memantine

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9
Q

severe dementia score

A

<10

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10
Q

moderate dementia score

A

10-20

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11
Q

Pneumocystis jiroveci

A

HIV

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12
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A

alcoholics

young

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13
Q

Legionella pneumophila

A

CAP

low serum Na

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14
Q

lyme disease organism

how spread

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

woods

spread by ticks

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15
Q

lyme disease symptoms

A

Erythema chronicum migrans rash - centre red then ring of red outside it

flu

late- neuro, arthritis, cardio symptoms

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16
Q

lyme disease investigations

A

serology as can’t be cultured

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17
Q

lyme disease treatment

A

removal of tick

doxyclycline if symptoms
3 weeks

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18
Q

Myasthenia Gravis symptoms

A

eyes- diplopia, ptosis

limb weakness

speech/swallow

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19
Q

Lambert-Eaton syndrome vs Myasthenia Gravis

A

LES weakness comes and goes

better with exercise

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20
Q

prophylaxis for chemo

A

allopurinol for hyperuricaemia

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21
Q

furosomide side effect

A

postural hypotension

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22
Q

which meds can make parkinsons worse

A

haloperidol- antipsycotic

metoclopramide

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23
Q

side effects of l dopa

A

postural hypotension

nausea and vomiting- domperidone

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24
Q

parkinsons drugs other than l dopa

A

dopamine agonists

MAO- B inhibitors

COMT ihibitors

Amantadine- dyskinesia

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25
Q

dopamine agonists

A

Ropinirole

rotigotine

Apomorphine

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26
Q

MAO-B Inhibitors

A

-giline

used with levodopa later

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27
Q

COMT Inhibitors

A

-capone

extend levodopa

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28
Q

bishop score

A

used to see if spontaneous vs induction of labour

5 or less - induction

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29
Q

fibroids in pregnancy

A

abdo pain

vomiting

supportive treatment

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30
Q

Parkinson-plus syndromes

A

lewy body

cortico basal degeneration

multiple system atrophy

progressive supranuclear palsy

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31
Q

progressive supranuclear palsy

A

Parkinisonism and vertical gaze palsy

cognitive

postural instability

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32
Q

Parkinisonism

A

triad of resting tremor, hypertonia, and bradykinesia

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33
Q

multiple system atrophy

A

postural hypotension, incontinence, and impotence

parkinisonism

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34
Q

cortico basal degeneration

A

parkinisonism

spontaneous activity of affected limb

OR

rigidity of limb

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35
Q

lewy body

A

parkinisonism

fluctuations of cognitive impairment

visual hallucinations

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36
Q

Delayed puberty

A

no period and secondary sexual characteristics by 13

or

no period but normal secondary sexual characteristics by 15.

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37
Q

Hyperemesis gravidarum

A

severe nausea and vomiting before 20 weeks

can have some blood in vomit

needs admission

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38
Q

Hyperemesis gravidarum treatment

A

fluids

potassium chloride

cyclizine - 1rst line

ondansetron
metoclopramide- 2nd line

thiamine and folic acid

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39
Q

how to treat mania in bipolar

A

quetiapine

olanzapine

risperidone

haliperidol

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40
Q

Gonorrhoea infection

A

pus oozing from his urethra

dysuria- painful urination

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41
Q

Gonorrhoea investigation

A

NAAT- nucleic acid amplification

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42
Q

Gonorrhoea management

A

Ceftriaxone

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43
Q

whooping cough treatment

A

clarithromycin

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44
Q

motor neurone disease medication and what does it do

A

riluzole

extends life for 3 months

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45
Q

shingles presentation

A

blisters in dermatomal distribution

fever

46
Q

first line for delirium

A

haloperidol and fast acting and short half life

quetiapine if parkinsons

47
Q

rhesus negative in pregnancy management

A

anti d at 28 weeks

1 dose 1500IU

48
Q

gas gangrene

A

Clostridium perfringens

penicillin and clindamycin with surgical debridement

49
Q

active PID and contraception

A

no IUD or IUS

50
Q

when to do induction of labour

A

41-42 weeks

51
Q

induction of labour method

A

membrane sweep - finger put in cervix

after 1-2 days then try again

then prostaglandin pessary

52
Q

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) symptoms and signs

A

fluid-filled blisters

crusting

+ve nikolsky sign (skin peeling off)

fever

53
Q

Pemphigus vulgaris

A

fluid filled blisters

+ve nikolsky sign

mucous membranes

54
Q

Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome (SSSS) treatment

A

IV flucloxacillin

55
Q

Cellulitis

A

infection of the dermis and subcutaneous tissue.

56
Q

Erysipelas

A

infection of the dermis and upper subcutaneous tissue

57
Q

Erysipelas symptoms and signs, organism

A

butterfly rash on cheeks and nose

strep - alpha beta haemolytic

58
Q

Erysipelas and cellulitis treatment

A

flucloxacillin + benzylpenicillin severe

flucloxacillin mild-moderate

penicillin allergy then clarithromycin- cellulitis
erythromycin - erysipelas

59
Q

Phyllodes tumour

A

interlobular stroma

smooth rapid growing mobile mass

abnormal stroma

60
Q

ductal cancer on mammography

A

micro calcifications

61
Q

when should gestational diabetic mums give birth by

A

40+6 weeks

62
Q

side effct of lamotrigine for epilepsy

A

Stevens-Johnson syndrome

Large blistering rash throughout the body

63
Q

withdrawl of opiods

A

herion

GI upset

tachy

hypertension

64
Q

alcohol withdrawls

A

GI

sweating

insomnia

irritablity

hallucinations

tremors

65
Q

Myotonic Dystrophy

A

Trinucleotide repeat expansion

DMPK gene

Autosomal Dominant

66
Q

Myotonic Dystrophy symtoms

A

top to bottom

frontal balding

long face

neck muscle wasting

weak hands

unable to release grip on shaking hand

67
Q

haemophillia B

A

X linked recessive

factor 9

68
Q

haemophillia A

A

factor 8

X linked recessive

69
Q

treatment of minor bleeds in haemophilia A and mechanism of action

A

desmopressin

Releases von Willebrand factor from its storage sites in endothelial cells

70
Q

ciprofloaxin side effect

A

can induce seizures

71
Q

most common ovarian tumour

A

epithelial

but most common in post menopausal

72
Q

Germ cell ovarian tumour

A

younger women

can feel mass- risk of torsion

73
Q

Osteomyelitis signs

A

diabeties high risk

MRI- periosteal elevation of bone

staph aures

74
Q

gram +ve

A

staph

strep

75
Q

gram +ve clusters

A

staph

76
Q

gram +ve chains

A

strep

77
Q

alpha hamolysis

A

strep pneumoniae and viridans

78
Q

beta haemolysis

A

strep pyogens

79
Q

polycythaemia rubra vera

A

JAK 2

raised cell mass

high Hb and platelets

low serum erythropoetin

splenomegly

80
Q

secondary causes of polycythaemia rubra vera

A

COPD

81
Q

Erb’s palsy cause

A

damage of the brachial plexus

82
Q

Erb’s palsy symptoms signs

A

babies with shoulder dystocia

limp upper limb, flexed wrist and fingers

waiters tip

83
Q

Shoulder dystocia treatment

A

McRobert’s manoeuvre

flexing the mother’s thighs towards her shoulders while lying supine

84
Q

CAP causes

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Haemophilus influenzae

85
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndrome (MDS) what is and RF

A

group of bone marrow disorders

ineffective haematopoiesis

chemo and radio- RF

86
Q

blood film features of Myelodysplastic Syndrome

A

nucleated RBCs

Howell-Jolly bodies

large agranular platelets

megakaryocytes,

ringed sideroblasts

hypolobulated or unlobulated neutrophil nuclei

basophilic stippling

87
Q

Myelodysplastic Syndrome treatment

A

blood transfusions

stem cell transplant

88
Q

Aplastic Anaemia vs myelodysplastic syndrome

A

both have pancytopenia

but MDS has more specific bloods

89
Q

leukaemia vs aplastic anemia

A

both have pancytopenia but leukaemia has high WBC

90
Q

Tuberculosis (TB) Meningitis signs and symptoms

A

headache

fever

cough

haemoptysis

lesions seen on CT

91
Q

Cryptococcal meningoencephalitis

A

most common in immunocomprimised, HIV

abducens nerve palsy

slightly elevated protein, lymphocytes

92
Q

what test don’t you do when have catheter

A

urinanysis as will already have bacteria

93
Q

muscles for flexion of hip

A

iliopsoas

psoas major

rectus femoris

94
Q

what innervates first web space

A

deep fibular nerve

95
Q

midshaft fracture of humerus

A

radial nerve

posterior forearm paresis

can’t extend wrist

96
Q

surgical neck of humerus fracture

A

axillary nerve

abduction

deltoid muscle

97
Q

what do you go through on laminectomy

A

ligamentum flavum

98
Q

laminectomy

A

removal of vertebral bone

99
Q

inversion injury to ankle affects

A

anterior tibiofibular lig

100
Q

sciatica sign

A

decreased plantar flexion

101
Q

cubital tunnel

A

wasting muscle between metacarples

flattening of anteromedial border of forearm

ulnar nerve

102
Q

foot drop

A

neck of fibula fracture

103
Q

spinothalamic tract

A

sensory - from skin to somatosensory

nociceptive- pain

temperature

crude touch- can feel touch but don’ t know where

pressure

104
Q

dorsal column

A

fine touch - feel and localise

2 point discrimination - can feel 2 close areas

proprioception - ability to sense mov and location

vibration

105
Q

lateral corticospinal tract

A

voluntary mov of limbs

106
Q

Ventral corticospinal tract

A

controls proximal muscles like trunk

107
Q

rubrospinal tract

A

flexor muscles

108
Q

Pontine reticulospinal tract

A

locomotion - change positon like running, walking, swimming

postural control.

109
Q

Medullary reticulospinal tract

A

locomotion

reaching

posture

110
Q

Tectospinal tract

A

reflexes

111
Q

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

A

eye mov and reflexes

112
Q

Lateral vestibulospinal tract

A

posture and balance

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