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This is fun > Monday > Flashcards

Monday Flashcards

1
Q

Essential thrombocythaemia

A

overproduction of hematopoietic cells due to the mutations of the JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes

high platelets

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2
Q

Essential thrombocythaemia symptoms

A

fatigue
headaches.
dizziness

burning and tingling in hands and feet

splenomegly
bruising

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3
Q

what does too many platelets cause

A

blood clots or bleeding (blood clots use up all platelets)

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4
Q

essential thrombocythemia treatment

A

aspirin

hydroxycarbamide

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5
Q

Fanconi anemia

A

most common inherited gradual bone marrow failure

diagnosed young

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6
Q

Fanconi anemia symptoms

A

cafe au lait spots

curved spine or short

learning disabilities

abnormal growth and development

aplastic anemia

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7
Q

aplastic anemia

A

pancytopenia
and no new cells made by bone marrow

easy bruising

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8
Q

left sided heart failure

A

pressure builds up on the LHS of the heart and there is backpressure to the lungs

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9
Q

left sided heart failure symptoms

A

Shortness of breath on exertion and lying flat (Orthopnoea)

Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea

Nocturnal cough (± pink frothy sputum)

Fatigue

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10
Q

left sided heart failure signs

A

cyanosis and hypotension

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11
Q

right sided heart failure

A

venous congestion (pressure builds up behind the right heart) and pulmonary hypoperfusion (reduced right heart output).

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12
Q

right sided heart failure symptoms

A

Ankle swelling
Weight gain
Abdominal swelling and discomfort
nausea

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13
Q

right sided heart failure signs

A

Raised JVP
Pitting peripheral oedema
ascitis
hepatomegly

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14
Q

heart failure test

A

1st line = NT-pro-BNP level

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15
Q

heart failure treatment

A

1st line = ACE-I and beta-blocker

ARB if intolerant to ACE-I.
Consider hydralazine if intolerant to ACE-I/ARB.

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16
Q

side effect of topiramate

A

kidney stones

used for epilepsy

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17
Q

lithium in pregnancy

A

Ebstein’s abnormality, where the leaflets of the tricuspid valve are displaced, resulting in a large right atrium and a small right ventricle.

teratogenic

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18
Q

bloods for bulimia

A

Hypokalaemia with metabolic alkalosis

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19
Q

vomiting induces

A

RAAS system to activate, retaining sodium, bicarbonate and water and expelling potassium.

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20
Q

Lugano Classification

A

non hodgkins lymphoma

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21
Q

how much folic acid when BMI over 30 preg woman

A

5g

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22
Q

most common cause of postpartum haemorrhage?

A

Uterine atony-soft and weak so can’t contract enough for blood vessels

due to lack of tone of the uterus.

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23
Q

Uterine atony management

A

IV oxytocin 10 units or IV ergometrine 500 µg

or emergancy balloon tamponade

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24
Q

early menopause blood test

A

Raised LH, raised FSH, low oestradiol levels

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25
Q

painful periods management

A

Mefenamic acid NSAID

26
Q

C5 root cervical radiculopathy

A

weakness of shoulder abduction and flexion
elbow flexion

Diminished biceps reflex and affected lateral arm sensation

27
Q

HELLP syndrome

A

hemolysis (H), elevated liver enzymes (EL), and low platelets (LP)

usually third trimester

28
Q

HELLP syndrome symptoms and signs

A

headache

nausea

epigastric pain
right upper quadrant pain

blurred vision

peripheral edema

hypertension

29
Q

HELLP syndrome treatment

A

delivery

blood transfusions if needed

30
Q

perineal tear first degree tear

A

superficial perineal skin or vaginal mucosa only

31
Q

perineal second degree tear

A

perineal muscles and fascia
anal sphincter intact

32
Q

perineal third degree tear

A

3a: less than 50% of the thickness of the external anal sphincter is torn
3b: more than 50% of the thickness of the external anal sphincter is torn, but the internal anal sphincter is intact
3c: external and internal anal sphincters are torn, but anal mucosa is intact

33
Q

types of focal seizures

A

complex
simple
secondary generalised

34
Q

types of generalised seizures

A

abscence
tonic colonic
myoclonic
atonic

35
Q

complex seizures and which lobe

A

lose consciousness

temporal lobe

confusion

36
Q

simple seizure

A

stay conscious

no confusion after

37
Q

Absence seizures

A

less than 10s

38
Q

Tonic-clonic seizures

A

loss of consciousness

stiffening (tonic), and jerking (clonic)

confusion

39
Q

Myoclonic seizures

A

sudden jerks of a limb, trunk, or face.

40
Q

Atonic seizures

A

sudden loss of muscle tone, causing the patient to fall

stay conscious

41
Q

anti elliptic for pregnancy

A

lamotrigine (also first line for focal)

42
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy causing symetrical weakness after infection

43
Q

common infections causing Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

campylobactor, ebv

44
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome symptoms

A

weakness starting one leg and going up

lower back pain

parasthesia

low reflexes

45
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome sign on lumbar puncture

A

albuminocytological dissociation

46
Q

Guillain-Barré syndrome sign on nerve conduction study

A

prolongation or loss of the F wave

47
Q

what need to test for in Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

forced vital capacity to check lungs

48
Q

management for Guillain-Barré syndrome

A

LMWH- VTE

IV immunoglobulins for 5 days if severe

49
Q

uterine prolapse symptoms

A

Pelvic discomfort or ‘heaviness’

incontinence
recurrent UTIs or difficulties voiding

constipation or incomplete bowel emptying

Sexual dysfunction

50
Q

types of uterine prolapse

A

anterior , posterior vaginal wall prolapse

Apical vaginal wall (top)

51
Q

Bartholin’s cyst

A

Bartholin’s glands outside vaginal opening secrete fluid that helps lubricate the vagina

when become blocked, causes fluid to back up into the gland

52
Q

tests for delirium

A

4AT

CAM

53
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions,

54
Q

genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease

A

PRNP gene

55
Q

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease signs and symptoms

A

Rapidly progressive dementia

ataxia, weakness

Psychiatric impairment

Myoclonus, particularly triggered by startle- twitching

56
Q

confirmation of Diagnosis of CJD

A

tonsil or olphactory mucosa biopsy

57
Q

adenomyosis

A

endometrial tissue in the lining of the uterus to grows muscle

makes bigger and heavy periods

58
Q

murpheys sign

A

appendicitis or cholecystitis

59
Q

antibiotics that cause c diff

A

co amoxiclav,

ciprofloaxin

clindamycin

cephalosporins

60
Q

ataxia

A

co-ordination, balance and speech

This is fun (6 decks)

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