Monday Flashcards
Essential thrombocythaemia
overproduction of hematopoietic cells due to the mutations of the JAK2, CALR, or MPL genes
high platelets
Essential thrombocythaemia symptoms
fatigue
headaches.
dizziness
burning and tingling in hands and feet
splenomegly
bruising
what does too many platelets cause
blood clots or bleeding (blood clots use up all platelets)
essential thrombocythemia treatment
aspirin
hydroxycarbamide
Fanconi anemia
most common inherited gradual bone marrow failure
diagnosed young
Fanconi anemia symptoms
cafe au lait spots
curved spine or short
learning disabilities
abnormal growth and development
aplastic anemia
aplastic anemia
pancytopenia
and no new cells made by bone marrow
easy bruising
left sided heart failure
pressure builds up on the LHS of the heart and there is backpressure to the lungs
left sided heart failure symptoms
Shortness of breath on exertion and lying flat (Orthopnoea)
Paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnoea
Nocturnal cough (± pink frothy sputum)
Fatigue
left sided heart failure signs
cyanosis and hypotension
right sided heart failure
venous congestion (pressure builds up behind the right heart) and pulmonary hypoperfusion (reduced right heart output).
right sided heart failure symptoms
Ankle swelling
Weight gain
Abdominal swelling and discomfort
nausea
right sided heart failure signs
Raised JVP
Pitting peripheral oedema
ascitis
hepatomegly
heart failure test
1st line = NT-pro-BNP level
heart failure treatment
1st line = ACE-I and beta-blocker
ARB if intolerant to ACE-I.
Consider hydralazine if intolerant to ACE-I/ARB.
side effect of topiramate
kidney stones
used for epilepsy
lithium in pregnancy
Ebstein’s abnormality, where the leaflets of the tricuspid valve are displaced, resulting in a large right atrium and a small right ventricle.
teratogenic
bloods for bulimia
Hypokalaemia with metabolic alkalosis
vomiting induces
RAAS system to activate, retaining sodium, bicarbonate and water and expelling potassium.
Lugano Classification
non hodgkins lymphoma
how much folic acid when BMI over 30 preg woman
5g
most common cause of postpartum haemorrhage?
Uterine atony-soft and weak so can’t contract enough for blood vessels
due to lack of tone of the uterus.
Uterine atony management
IV oxytocin 10 units or IV ergometrine 500 µg
or emergancy balloon tamponade
early menopause blood test
Raised LH, raised FSH, low oestradiol levels
painful periods management
Mefenamic acid NSAID
C5 root cervical radiculopathy
weakness of shoulder abduction and flexion
elbow flexion
Diminished biceps reflex and affected lateral arm sensation
HELLP syndrome
hemolysis (H), elevated liver enzymes (EL), and low platelets (LP)
usually third trimester
HELLP syndrome symptoms and signs
headache
nausea
epigastric pain
right upper quadrant pain
blurred vision
peripheral edema
hypertension
HELLP syndrome treatment
delivery
blood transfusions if needed
perineal tear first degree tear
superficial perineal skin or vaginal mucosa only
perineal second degree tear
perineal muscles and fascia
anal sphincter intact
perineal third degree tear
3a: less than 50% of the thickness of the external anal sphincter is torn
3b: more than 50% of the thickness of the external anal sphincter is torn, but the internal anal sphincter is intact
3c: external and internal anal sphincters are torn, but anal mucosa is intact
types of focal seizures
complex
simple
secondary generalised
types of generalised seizures
abscence
tonic colonic
myoclonic
atonic
complex seizures and which lobe
lose consciousness
temporal lobe
confusion
simple seizure
stay conscious
no confusion after
Absence seizures
less than 10s
Tonic-clonic seizures
loss of consciousness
stiffening (tonic), and jerking (clonic)
confusion
Myoclonic seizures
sudden jerks of a limb, trunk, or face.
Atonic seizures
sudden loss of muscle tone, causing the patient to fall
stay conscious
anti elliptic for pregnancy
lamotrigine (also first line for focal)
Guillain-Barré syndrome
acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy causing symetrical weakness after infection
common infections causing Guillain-Barré syndrome
campylobactor, ebv
Guillain-Barré syndrome symptoms
weakness starting one leg and going up
lower back pain
parasthesia
low reflexes
Guillain-Barré syndrome sign on lumbar puncture
albuminocytological dissociation
Guillain-Barré syndrome sign on nerve conduction study
prolongation or loss of the F wave
what need to test for in Guillain-Barré syndrome
forced vital capacity to check lungs
management for Guillain-Barré syndrome
LMWH- VTE
IV immunoglobulins for 5 days if severe
uterine prolapse symptoms
Pelvic discomfort or ‘heaviness’
incontinence
recurrent UTIs or difficulties voiding
constipation or incomplete bowel emptying
Sexual dysfunction
types of uterine prolapse
anterior , posterior vaginal wall prolapse
Apical vaginal wall (top)
Bartholin’s cyst
Bartholin’s glands outside vaginal opening secrete fluid that helps lubricate the vagina
when become blocked, causes fluid to back up into the gland
tests for delirium
4AT
CAM
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
neurodegenerative disorder caused by prions,
genetic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
PRNP gene
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease signs and symptoms
Rapidly progressive dementia
ataxia, weakness
Psychiatric impairment
Myoclonus, particularly triggered by startle- twitching
confirmation of Diagnosis of CJD
tonsil or olphactory mucosa biopsy
adenomyosis
endometrial tissue in the lining of the uterus to grows muscle
makes bigger and heavy periods
murpheys sign
appendicitis or cholecystitis
antibiotics that cause c diff
co amoxiclav,
ciprofloaxin
clindamycin
cephalosporins
ataxia
co-ordination, balance and speech
