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Infection A > Staphylococci > Flashcards

Staphylococci Flashcards

1
Q

What is the gram stain for staphylococci?

A

Gram positive - PURPLE

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2
Q

What shape are staphylococci?

A

Cocci in clusters

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3
Q

What are the common types of staphylococci?

A

Staph aureus, epidermis and saprophyticus

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4
Q

Which type of staphylococcus is the most virulent?

A

Staph aureus

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5
Q

How does Staph aureus enter the body?

A

Via a break in the skin

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6
Q

Is staph aureus naturally found in the body?

A

Yes - on skin and mucous membranes

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7
Q

Name some virulence factors for Staph aureus

A

Polysaccharide capsule
Protein A
Fibronectin
Cytolytic exotoxin

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8
Q

How is the polysaccharide capsule a virulence factor?

A

Increases resistance to phagocytosis

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9
Q

How is protein A a virulence factor?

A

Protein A in the cell wall binds to Fc region of IgG, exerting its anti-opsonin effect therefore strong anti-phagocyte

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10
Q

How do suprantigen exotoxins work as virulence factors?

A

They have the ability to bind to MHC class II hence stimulate enhanced T cell response. This can cause toxic shock syndrome because of the huge amounts of T cell production.

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11
Q

How is staph aureus transmitted?

A

Common transmission is via a break in the skin. Also can enter via the respiratory tract

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12
Q

How can you identify staph aureus in a lab?

A

Stains strongly gram positive
Appears in grape-like clusters
Yellow and haemolytic
Coagulase positive

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13
Q

What is a serious complication of staph aureus?

A

Sepsis

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14
Q

What can staph aureus cause?

A 
Skin infection - cellulitis and impetigo
Septic joint 
Pneumonia
Toxic shock
MRSA
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15
Q

What is the treatment for staph aureus?

A

Resistant to a number of B-lactam antibiotics

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16
Q

What does MRSA stand for?

A

Methicillin resistance staphylococcus aureus

17
Q

How is MRSA spread?

A

Via skin contact and contact with clothes, sheets etc

18
Q

Why is MRSA so resistant?

A

Gene for distinct penicillin bound protein (PBP-2a). This protein codes for a new peptidoglycan transpeptidase with a low affinity for B-lactate antibiotics.

19
Q

How do we treat MRSA?

A

Vancomycin given intravenously - this is a glycopeptide antibiotic

20
Q

Describe some features of staphylococcus epidermis?

A

Coagulase negative staph

21
Q

What can staph epidermis result in?

A

Infection of implants such as prosthetic heart valves and catheters

22
Q

Describe virulence of staph epidermis.

A

Low virulence however, produces slime that facilitates adherence to bioprosthetic material surfaces. Also slime acts as a barrier to antimicrobials

23
Q

Describe some features of staph saprophyticus?

A

Coagulase negative staph

24
Q

Where is staph saprophyticus found?

A

Normal vaginal flora

25
Q

What does staph saprophyticus cause?

A

Common cause of cystitis in women (UTI)

Infection A (18 decks)

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