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infection a > Session 2 > Flashcards

Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Name four microorganisms that can cause human disease

A

Viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.

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2
Q

Which are bigger - bacteria or viruses?

A

Bacteria are bigger

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3
Q

Which are bigger - bacteria or fungi?

A

Fungi are bigger

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4
Q

What is the envelope on a virus made up of?

A

Lipids

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5
Q

Which is more susceptible to mutation - ssDNA or dsDNA?

A

ssDNA

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6
Q

What does adenovirus cause?

A

Common cause of respiratory tract infections

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7
Q

If DNA is enveloped, is this an advantage to the virus or a disadvantage?

A
  • Disadvantage

- Envelope is easy to disrupt with chemicals

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8
Q

What does parvovirus do in the body?

A

Supresses bone marrow temporarily which is very bad because bone marrow produces red blood cells.

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9
Q

What are the two different types of herpes virus and what are they associated with?

A

Type 1 - cold sores

Type 2 - genital

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10
Q

What is an enterovirus?

A
  • Positive sense RNA

- Transmitted by the faecal oral route

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11
Q

Norovirus structure

A
  • Single stranded
  • Positive strand
  • RNA virus
  • Icosahedral
  • Non-enveloped
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12
Q

HIV structure

A
  • Single stranded
  • Postitive strand
  • RNA virus
  • Icosahedral or helical
  • Enveloped
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13
Q

Ebola structure

A
  • Single stranded
  • Negative strand
  • RNA virus
  • Helical
  • Enveloped
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14
Q

Rotavirus structure

A
  • Double stranded
  • RNA virus
  • Icosahedral
  • Non enveloped
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15
Q

Parvovirus structure

A
  • Single stranded
  • DNA virus
  • Non enveloped
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16
Q

Adenovirus structure

A
  • Double stranded
  • DNA virus
  • Non enveloped
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17
Q

Hep B structure

A
  • Double stranded
  • DNA virus
  • Enveloped
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18
Q

What is tissue tropism?

A

This is the cells and tissues of a host that support growth of a particular bacteria/virus.

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19
Q

What is a bacteriophage?

A

This is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium.

20
Q

What are the different bacterial shapes?

A

Coccus - round
Bacillus - rod shaped
Spirillus - spiral

21
Q

What are the different arrangements of cocci?

A
  • Clusters

- Chains

22
Q

What colour is gram positive?

A

PURPLE

23
Q

What colour is gram negative?

A

RED

24
Q

What are aerobes?

A

These can survive in the presence of oxygen

25
Q

What are obligate aerobes?

A

These HAVE to have oxygen in order to survive

26
Q

What are anaerobes?

A

These can survive in the absence of oxygen

27
Q

What are obligate anaerobes?

A

These require oxygen-free environment for survival (unless able to form spores)

28
Q

What is a spore?

A

This is dormant form of the bacteria. It can survive extreme conditions therefore hard to get rid off.

29
Q

How are bacteria, fungi and parasites named?

A
  • Linnaean taxonomy

- Genus + species

30
Q

What are the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis?

A
  • Virulence factors

- Toxins

31
Q

What are the different virulence factors?

A
  • Host entry
  • Adherence to host cells
  • Invasiveness
  • Iron sequestration
32
Q

What are the different types of toxins?

A
  • Exotoxin

- Endotoxin

33
Q

What is an exotoxin?

A

A chemical released by a living bacteria into its surroundings

34
Q

What in an endotoxin?

A

These are only released when the bacteria is broken down in cell death

35
Q

What are the two main types of fungi?

A
  • Yeasts (single celled)

- Molds (multicellular)

36
Q

What are the two main types of parasites?

A
  • Protozoa (single celled)

- Helminths (worms, multicellular)

37
Q

What is the infection model?

A

It provides an overview of what an infection does and how we deal with it.

38
Q

What might affect a person’s chance of getting an infection?

A

age, gender, physiological state, pathological state and social factors

39
Q

What are the different mechanisms of infection?

A

Contiguous, inoculation, haematogenous, ingestion, inhalation, vector and vertical transmission

40
Q

What are the stages of managing a patient who might have an infection?

A
  • History
  • Examination
  • Investigation
  • Treatment - specific or supportive
  • Infection prevention - hospital or community
41
Q

What are the different states of making a diagnosis?

A

History, examination and investigation

42
Q

What two questions do you need to ask yourself before you can proceed to treatment?

A
  • Where is the infection?

- What is the infection?

43
Q

What are the two different types of treatment?

A
  • Supportive

- Specific

44
Q

What specific treatment might you do with regards to an infection?

A
  • Antimicrobials

- Surgery - drainage, debridement, dead space removal

45
Q

What supportive treatment might you do with regards to an infection?

A
  • Symptom relief

- Physiological restoration

46
Q

What are the possible outcomes of an infection?

A

It is a spectrum from cure to death

infection a (18 decks)

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