Session 2

Question 1

Name four microorganisms that can cause human disease

Answer 1

Viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites.

Question 2

Which are bigger - bacteria or viruses?

Answer 2

Bacteria are bigger

Question 3

Which are bigger - bacteria or fungi?

Answer 3

Fungi are bigger

Question 4

What is the envelope on a virus made up of?

Answer 4

Lipids

Question 5

Which is more susceptible to mutation - ssDNA or dsDNA?

Answer 5

ssDNA

Question 6

What does adenovirus cause?

Answer 6

Common cause of respiratory tract infections

Question 7

If DNA is enveloped, is this an advantage to the virus or a disadvantage?

Answer 7

• Disadvantage

- Envelope is easy to disrupt with chemicals

Question 8

What does parvovirus do in the body?

Answer 8

Supresses bone marrow temporarily which is very bad because bone marrow produces red blood cells.

Question 9

What are the two different types of herpes virus and what are they associated with?

Answer 9

Type 1 - cold sores

Type 2 - genital

Question 10

What is an enterovirus?

Answer 10

• Positive sense RNA

- Transmitted by the faecal oral route

Question 11

Norovirus structure

Answer 11

• Single stranded
• Positive strand
• RNA virus
• Icosahedral
• Non-enveloped

Question 12

HIV structure

Answer 12

• Single stranded
• Postitive strand
• RNA virus
• Icosahedral or helical
• Enveloped

Question 13

Ebola structure

Answer 13

• Single stranded
• Negative strand
• RNA virus
• Helical
• Enveloped

Question 14

Rotavirus structure

Answer 14

• Double stranded
• RNA virus
• Icosahedral
• Non enveloped

Question 15

Parvovirus structure

Answer 15

• Single stranded
• DNA virus
• Non enveloped

Question 16

Adenovirus structure

Answer 16

• Double stranded
• DNA virus
• Non enveloped

Question 17

Hep B structure

Answer 17

• Double stranded
• DNA virus
• Enveloped

Question 18

What is tissue tropism?

Answer 18

This is the cells and tissues of a host that support growth of a particular bacteria/virus.

Question 19

What is a bacteriophage?

Answer 19

This is a virus that infects and replicates within a bacterium.

Question 20

What are the different bacterial shapes?

Answer 20

Coccus - round
Bacillus - rod shaped
Spirillus - spiral

Question 21

What are the different arrangements of cocci?

Answer 21

• Clusters

- Chains

Question 22

What colour is gram positive?

Answer 22

PURPLE

Question 23

What colour is gram negative?

Answer 23

RED

Question 24

What are aerobes?

Answer 24

These can survive in the presence of oxygen

Question 25

What are obligate aerobes?

Answer 25

These HAVE to have oxygen in order to survive

Question 26

What are anaerobes?

Answer 26

These can survive in the absence of oxygen

Question 27

What are obligate anaerobes?

Answer 27

These require oxygen-free environment for survival (unless able to form spores)

Question 28

What is a spore?

Answer 28

This is dormant form of the bacteria. It can survive extreme conditions therefore hard to get rid off.

Question 29

How are bacteria, fungi and parasites named?

Answer 29

- Linnaean taxonomy | - Genus + species

Question 30

What are the mechanisms of bacterial pathogenesis?

Answer 30

- Virulence factors | - Toxins

Question 31

What are the different virulence factors?

Answer 31

- Host entry - Adherence to host cells - Invasiveness - Iron sequestration

Question 32

What are the different types of toxins?

Answer 32

- Exotoxin | - Endotoxin

Question 33

What is an exotoxin?

Answer 33

A chemical released by a living bacteria into its surroundings

Question 34

What in an endotoxin?

Answer 34

These are only released when the bacteria is broken down in cell death

Question 35

What are the two main types of fungi?

Answer 35

- Yeasts (single celled) | - Molds (multicellular)

Question 36

What are the two main types of parasites?

Answer 36

- Protozoa (single celled) | - Helminths (worms, multicellular)

Question 37

What is the infection model?

Answer 37

It provides an overview of what an infection does and how we deal with it.

Question 38

What might affect a person's chance of getting an infection?

Answer 38

age, gender, physiological state, pathological state and social factors

Question 39

What are the different mechanisms of infection?

Answer 39

Contiguous, inoculation, haematogenous, ingestion, inhalation, vector and vertical transmission

Question 40

What are the stages of managing a patient who might have an infection?

Answer 40

- History - Examination - Investigation - Treatment - specific or supportive - Infection prevention - hospital or community

Question 41

What are the different states of making a diagnosis?

Answer 41

History, examination and investigation

Question 42

What two questions do you need to ask yourself before you can proceed to treatment?

Answer 42

- Where is the infection? | - What is the infection?

Question 43

What are the two different types of treatment?

Answer 43

- Supportive | - Specific

Question 44

What specific treatment might you do with regards to an infection?

Answer 44

- Antimicrobials | - Surgery - drainage, debridement, dead space removal

Question 45

What supportive treatment might you do with regards to an infection?

Answer 45

- Symptom relief | - Physiological restoration

Question 46

What are the possible outcomes of an infection?

Answer 46

It is a spectrum from cure to death