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Infection A > Session 5 Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Session 5 Lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is absolutely needed for adaptive immunity to occur?

A

Antigen Presenting Cells

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2
Q

What are the two types of microbes that the immune system can distinguish between?

A

Intracellular microbes and extracellular microbes

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3
Q

Give an example of an intracellular microbe?

A

Viruses

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4
Q

What information does the APC tell the T cell?

A
  • Host invaded
  • Appearance of invader
  • Action needed
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5
Q

How does the APC deliver information to the T cell?

A

3 methods - capture, processing and presentation.

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6
Q

What is the main job of the APC?

A

Present the microbe to the cells of the adaptive immune system (usually T cells)

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7
Q

Describe the main features of APCs?

A
  • Strategic location
  • Pathogen capture
  • Diversity in pathogen sensors (PRRs)
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8
Q

What are the methods of pathogen capture used by APCs?

A

Phagocytosis and macropinocytosis

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9
Q

What is macropinocytosis?

A

Uptake of soluble particles (rather than whole microbe)

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10
Q

Why is the spleen important in immunity?

A

It generates B and T cells

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11
Q

Where are APCs located?

A

Skin, mucous membranes, lymphoid organs and blood circulation

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12
Q

What are the different types of APCs?

A

Dendritic cells, langerhans’ cells, macrophages and B cells.

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13
Q

What is the location of dendritic cells?

A

Lymph nodes, mucous membranes and blood.

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14
Q

What is the location of langerhan’s cells?

A

Skin

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15
Q

What is the location of macrophages?

A

Various tissues

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16
Q

What is the location of B cells?

A

Lymphoid tissue

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17
Q

What types of APC’s present ONLY to naive T cells?

A

Dendritic cells and langerhans cells

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18
Q

What APC’s present ONLY to effector T cells?

A

Macrophages

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19
Q

What APC’s present to both effector T cells and naive T cells?

A

B cells

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20
Q

What is a naive T cell?

A

T cell that has not yet encountered antigen presenting cell.

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21
Q

What is an effector T cell?

A

Once a naive T cell has interacted with an APC, it becomes an effector T cell.

22
Q

What does the response of the APC depend on?

A

PAMPs of the microbes

23
Q

What sort of response do the extracellular microbes cause the APCs to release?

A

Humoral response

24
Q

What sort of response do the intracellular microbes cause the APCs to release?

A

Cell dependent immune response

25
Q

What does the humoral immunity consist of?

A

Antibodies, complement and phagocytosis

26
Q

What does cell-dependent immunity consist of?

A

Cytotoxic T cells, antibodies and macrophages

27
Q

How do antigen presenting cells actually present the antigens?

A

This is done by MHC

28
Q

What does MHC stand for?

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

29
Q

What is the human MHC called?

A

HLA - human leukocyte antigen

30
Q

What is MHC?

A

Set of cell surface proteins essential for the acquired immune system to recognise foreign molecules.

31
Q

What is the main function of MHC?

A

Bind to antigens derived from pathogens and display them on the cell surface for recognition by appropriate T cells.

32
Q

What are the different types of MHC molecules?

A

Class I and class II

33
Q

Where are class I molecules found?

A

All nucleated cells

34
Q

Name the class I molecules genes?

A

HLA A
HLA B
HLA C

35
Q

Where are class II molecules found?

A

Antigen presenting cells therefore found on dendritic cells, macrophages and B cells

36
Q

What are the class II molecules gene?

A

HLA DR
HLA DQ
HLA DP

37
Q

What are the key features of MHC class I and class II molecules?

A

Co-dominant expression, polymorphic genes and peptide presentation.

38
Q

Explain the effects of the co-dominant expression of the MHC?

A

Both parental genes are expressed therefore increase in the number of different MHC molecules.

39
Q

What is the advantage of having more MHC molecules?

A

It means more antigens can be presented.

40
Q

Describe the effects of the polymorphic genes of the MHC?

A

Different alleles amongst different individuals therefore increase presentation of different antigens/microbes

41
Q

Explain the broad specificity of MHC molecules?

A

Many peptides presented by the same MHC molecules.

42
Q

Describe the structure of a MHC class I molecules?

A

Alpha chain composed of 3 domains - a1, a2, a3.

43
Q

What is the peptide binding cleft?

A

Variable region with highly polymorphic residues. This is where the peptide binds.

44
Q

In a MHC class I, what makes up the peptide binding cleft?

A

Formed by a1 a2 heterodimer

45
Q

Describe the structure of MHC class II molecule?

A

Formed by two chains, alpha and beta. Each has two domains a1, a2 and b1, b2.

46
Q

What forms the peptide binding cleft in MHC class II?

A

Formed by the heterodimer of a1 and b1.

47
Q

MHC class I preset epitopes that are recognised by…..

A

CD8+ T cells

48
Q

MHC class II present epitopes recognised by…..

A

CD4+ T cells

49
Q

What determines how an antigen will be presented?

A

Not the nature of the antigen but the route it takes inside the cell.

50
Q

What are the two main routes that an antigen can take?

A

Endogenous pathway and exogenous pathway.

51
Q

When is the endogenous pathway used?

A

To present peptide fragments on MHC class 1

Infection A (18 decks)

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